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RUKARD  HURD 


LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY.  OF  CALIFORNIA. 


Class 


HURD'S  IRON  ORE  MANUAL 


Hurd's  Iron  Ore  Manual 

A 

General  Reference,  Guide,  Hand  Book 
OF  THE 

Lake  Superior  District 

WITH 

Values  Based  on  1911  Prices  and  Guarantees 
at  Lake  Erie 

Method  of  Determination 
OF 

Prices,  Premiums  and  Penalties 


Tables  of  Values 

AND 

Statistical  Data 


BY 

RUKARD    HURD,    C.     E. 

Secretary  Minnesota  Tax  Commission  _ 

^  Of  THE 

UNIVERSITY 

^   ^     OF 
Price,  $7.50 


F.    M.    CATLIN,    SALES    AGENT 

51O  CAPITAL  BANK  BLOG. 

ST.    PAUL,    MINN. 

I   til 


_'  BXCt  »•' 

• 


COPYRIGHT  1911 
BY    RUKARD    HURD 


SYNDICATE  PRINTING  COMPANY 
MINNEAPOLIS,  MINN. 


THIS  WORK  IS  DEDICATED  TO 

MY   DEAR  WIFE 
KATHERINE  HATFIELD  HURD 


212350 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 

Page 

Frontispiece — Map  of  Iron  Ranges  of  Lake  Superior  Region 

Introduction 

Governing  Factors 1 

Iron  Unit 1 

Iron  Unit  Value 1 

Base  Unit  Value 2 

Basic  Percentages,  Prices  and  Base  Unit  Values 2 

Determination  of  Natural  and  Dried  Percentages 2 

Lake  Erie  Prices 3 

Valley  Prices 3 

Determination  of  Base  Unit  Values  for  1911 3 

Determination  of  1911  Prices,  Premiums  and  Penalties 3 

(a)  Prices  for  Standard  Ores 3 

(b)  Prices  for  Over-Standard  Ores — Premium 4 

(c)  Prices  for  Sub-Standard  Ores — Penalty 4 

Phosphorus  Premium  and  Penalty 5 

Additional  Premiums  or  Penalty  by  Private  Contract 5 

Mathematical  and  Trade  Calculating  Decimals 5 

Base  Unit  Value  for  Change  in  Price 5 

Base  Unit  Value  for  Change  in  Price  and  of  Natural  Iron  Base 5 

Defination  of  Bessemer  Ore 6 

Decimal  Multiple  of  1911  for  Determining  New  Prices 6 

Old  Range- Vermilion  Bessemer — 

Illustrative  Schedule  No.  1 8 

Price  Schedule  No.  1 9 

Mesaba  Bessemer — 

Illustrative  Schedule  No.  2 10 

Price  Schedule  No.  2 11 

Old  Range- Vermilion  Non-Bessemer— 

Illustrative  Schedule  No.  3 12 

Price  Schedule  No.  3 13 

Mesaba  Non-Bessemer — 

Illustrative  Schedule  No.  4 14 

Price  Schedule  No.  4 15 

Phosphorus  Value  Table 16 

Permanent  Base  Unit  Value  Schedule  and  Determining  Decimal 17 

Moisture   Tables 18 

Minnesota  Tax  Commission's  Valuation  of  Iron  Ore 20 

Net  Values,  Cost  of  Production  *»nd  Delivery 25 

Present  Value  of  Iron  Ore  Royalties  on  Mineral  Leases 29 

Newly  Created  Wealth  Through  Mineral  Value 29 

Extent  of  Capital  and  Diversity  of  Ownership 29 

Mineral  Leases 29 

Determining  Valuation  Factors 30 


Present  Value  of  Iron  Ore  Royalties  on  Mineral  Leases — Continued  Page 

Rule  for  Determining  Present  Royalty  Value 30 

Total  Royalty 30 

Life  of  the  Mine 30 

Present  Value  of  the  Royalty 30 

Illustrations 31 

Determining  Interest  Rate  and  Factors 31 

Table  of  Present  Values,  Quarterly 33 

Table  of  Present  Values,  Annual 34 

Prospecting,  Mining  and  Ore  Estimating 35 

Prospecting  for  Iron  Ore 35 

Mining  Methods 36 

Open  Pit 37 

Milling 38 

Underground 38 

Ore  Estimates 39 

Mesaba  Range 39 

Western  Mesaba  Range,  Special  Report   40 

Cuyuna  Range,  Special  Report 41 

Shipments  by  Mines — 1910,  Prior  and  Total 

Marquette  Range 43 

Menominee  Range  and  Baraboo  District 44 

Gogebic  Range 46 

Mesaba  Range 47 

Vermilion  Range 50 

Shipments  by  Ranges 1855-1910 51 

Prices  of  Iron  Ore,  Production  and  Prices  of  Pig  Iron  ....  1855-1910 52 

Rail  Freights,  Mines  to  Upper  Lake  Ports 1855-1910 53 

Vessel  Freights  to  Lower  Lake  Ports 1855-1910 54 

Shipments  and  Receipts  by  Ports 1905-1910 55 

Lake  Erie  Stock  Piles 1905-1910 56 

Production  of  Iron  Ore  in  United  States 1907-1908 57 

Imports  of  Iron  Ore 1880-1910 57 

Apparent  Annual  Consumption  of  Iron  Ore  in  U.  S 1889-1910 58 

Production  of  Steel  in  United  States 1860-1910 59 

Production  of  Finished  Steel  and  Iron  in  the  U.  S 1887-1909 60 

Production  of  Coke  in  the  U.  S.  and  Rail  Freight 1907-1908 61 

Shipments  and  Prices  of  Connellsville  Coke 1889-1909 61 

Rail  Freight  on  Iron  Ore  from  Lower  Lake  Ports 1890-1910 62 

Production  and  Price  of  Limestone  for  Furnace  Flux  and  Rail  Freight.    . .  63 

Charts  of  Pittsburgh  Prices  of  Ore,  Pig  and  Steel 1890-1910 64 

Average  Yearly  Prices  of  Iron  Ore  at  Various  Points 66 

Geology  and  Mineralogy  Lake  Superior  Iron  District  with  Map 67 

Publications  on  Lake  Superior  Iron  District 83 

Iron  Ore  Reserves  of  United  States 85 

Tables  of  Iron  Ore  Values  for  1911  at  Lake  Erie — 

Old  Range- Vermilion  Bessemer 45%-61%  inclusive 89 

Mesaba  Bessemer 45%-61  %  inclusive 109 

Old  Range  Vermilion  Non-Bessemer .  .  .  45%-60%  inclusive 129 

Mesaba  Non-Bessemer 45%-60%  inclusive 147 


Introduction 

Mining  engineering,  exploration  and  drilling,  outlining  of  ore  bodies, 
horizontal  and  vertical  sectioning  and  cross-sectioning  of  the  ore  bodies  and 
of  the  intermediate  layers  of  other  material,  showing  results  of  innumerable 
chemical  analyses,  have  reached  a  high  degree  of  efficiency.  Many  operators, 
especially  on  the  Mesaba  Range,  know  in  advance  for  years  to  come,  the 
exact  grades  of  ores  they  can  mine  and  ship,  what  tonnages  to  group  and  how 
to  raise  to  standard  sub-grade  ore. 

Chemical  analyses  are  so  important  that  everywhere  is  found  the  ore 
sampler — at  drills  for  every  five  feet  of  drilling,  in  test  pits,  in  open  pits, 
underground,  at  mine  stock  pile,  in  cars  at  mine,  in  cars  at  upper  dock,  in 
vessel  at  upper  dock,  in  vessel  at  lower  dock,  at  lower  dock  stock  pile,  in 
cars  a.t  lower  dock,  in  cars  at  furnace,  in  stock  pile  at  furnace — so  vital  is  it 
for  the  mine  and  furnace  operators  to  have  the  most  accurate  information 
of  the  ores  to  be  reduced  to  metal. 

What  is  Iron-  ore  worth?    How  is  its  value  determined? 

The  ores  of  the  Lake  Superior  District,  Bessemer  and  non-Bessemer,  of 
the  *Old  Range,  Vermilion  and  the  Mesaba,  while  varying  in  some  re- 
spects, are  generally  similar  as  to  contents,  physical  characteristics  and  struc- 
ture. These  conditions  made  it  possible  for  producing  and  consuming  inter- 
ests** to  agree  and  to  establish  on  these  ores  a  standardization  of  grades  and 
prices  and  providing  premiums  for  over-standard  and  penalties  for  sub-stand- 
ard ores,  based  upon  metallurgical  principles.  A  great  economic  achievement 
was  thereby  realized.  Mining  and  ore  reduction  could  then  proceed  along 
lines  of  business  order,  stability  and  permanency.  The  system  as  a  whole 
has  given  satisfaction  to  all  concerned.  Any  defects  appearing  in  the  calcu- 
lations, for  the  extremes  of  sub-standard  values,  and  for  over-standard  values 
made  by  using  arbitrary  premiums  instead  of  units  or  parts  of  units,  can  by 
agreement  be  corrected,  To  make  the  "basic  system"  consistent  throughout 
a  re-classification  of  grades  and  prices  is  evidently  necessary,  as  will  ap- 
pear from  a  study  of  net  values  herein  considered. 

The  law  of  supply  and  demand  fixes  the  price  for  standard  ores  of  basic 
values  and  the  uniformity  of  the  "basic  system"  places  each  furnace  on  an 
equality  in  having  to  pay  the  same  price  for  such  standard  ores.  This  equal- 
ity should  extend  to  the  sub-standard  ores.  While  the  reduction  of  ores  is  not 
a  fixed  science,  and  the  cost  varies  according  to  furnace  location,  conditions 
and  management,  there  should  be  established  a  closely  approximated  uni- 
form reduction  cost  and  a  scientific  penalization  that  wiir  give  an  actual 
commercial  value  and  a  fair  profit  to  present  non-marketable  ores. 

In  the  absence  of  published  explanation,  the  "basic  system"  has  seemed 
very  intricate,  confusing  and  mysterious  to  mining  men  generally,  and  all 
along  the  line  from  mine  to  furnace,  time  and  labor  are  consumed  and  wasted 
in  miscalculating  values  and  misapplying  premiums  and  penalties.  Even  ore 


"The   Marquette,    Menominee   and   Gogebic   iron    ranges   as  a   group   have   the 
trade  name,  Old  Range. 

**The  Lake  Superior  Ore  Association  organized  January  14,  1905. 


experts  do  not  agree  in  their  interpretations  of  the  system,  and  many  tables 
in  use  show  discrepancies.  It  has  therefore  been  difficult  to  reconcile  and 
harmonize  these  differences. 

Simple  mathematical  calculations  can  remove  the  confusion  and  make 
the  subject  comprehensible.  Nontechnical  language  has  been  used  to 
explain  the  various  steps  followed  in  formulating  (1)  A  method  for  the 
determination  of  prices,  premiums  and  penalties;  (2)  a  series  of  illustrative 
mathematical  schedules;  (3)  reference  tables  of  iron  ore  values  at  Lake 
Erie,  for  each  percentage  and  fraction  thereof  covering  all  grades  of  stan- 
dard iron  ores  of  the  Lake  Superior  district. 

The  owner  and  lessee  of  developed  iron  ores  of  known  analyses  may 
see  at  a  glance  what  his  ore  is  worth  and  how  to  determine  its  possible 
increase  or  decrease  in  value.  The  furnace  man  is  able  to  know  in  like 
manner  what  he  will  have  to  pay  for  ore  under  a  wide  range  of  prices  and 
of  base  unit  values. 

Time,  weight,  distance,  measure,  money,  interest,  discount,  have  all 
been  determined  and  reference  tables  constructed  for  use  in  calculations. 
It  is  hoped  that  the  tables  here  presented  will  prove  valuable  when  iron 
ore  values  are  considered. 

During  the  study  of  the  iron  ore  situation  considerable  data  had  to  be 
prepared  and  many  sources  were  consulted.  The  information  was  widely 
scattered.  Everything  of  known  possible  technical  or  historical  worth  has 
been  assembled,  consolidated  and  incorporated  in,  or  written  for,  this  Iron 
Ore  Manual  of  the  Lake  Superior  District.  The  general  statistics  are 
introduced  to  show  the  connection  and  relation  between  the  raw  and 
finished  products.  The  desire  is  to  furnish  those  interested,  especially  heads 
of  departments  in  general  offices,  mines  and  furnaces,  a  ready  general  refer- 
ence, guide,  hand-book  on  iron  ore. 

The  iron  ore  districts  of  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Alabama,  Tennessee 
and  Colorado,  on  account  of  their  limited  extent  and  production,  ownership 
by  consuming  interests  and  without  a  basic  system  of  valuation  of  ores, 
are  not  now  considered. 

Herein  are  given:  Values  and  their  determining  method,  Minnesota 
taxation  and  its  methods,  shipments,  prices,  transportation,  net  values  with 
cost  of  production  and  delivery,  rule  for  determining  present  values  of  iron 
ore  royalties,  prices  and  production  of  pig  iron,  geology  and  mineralogy, 
latest  special  reports,  publications,  concluding  with  the  iron  ore  reserves 
of  tfie  United  States. 

The  information  credited  to  the  Iron  Trade  Review,  Marine  Review, 
Iron  Age,  American  Iron  and  Steel  Association,  United  States  Geological 
Survey  Reports  and  Congressional  Reports  and  that  found  in  the  Engineer- 
ing and  Mining  Journal,  has  been  of  great  service  and  statistical  value. 

Suggestions  and  criticisms  for  use  in  future  editions  are  invited. 


State  Capitol,  St.  Paul,  Minnesota. 
April  21,  1911. 


Method  and  Determination 

OF 

1911 
Prices,  Premiums  and  Penalties 

at  Lake    Erie 
OF 

Natural  Iron  Ores 

OF  THE 

Lake  Superior  District 
Governed  by  1911    Basic   Guarantees 

WITH 

Illustrative  Schedules 

AND 

Tables  of  Iron  Ore  Values 

By  RUKARD  KURD,  C.  E. 


GOVERNING  FACTORS 

To  determine  the  furnace  value  of  natural  iron  ore,  as  mined,  many  fac- 
tors must  be  considered,  such  as:  Percentages  of  content,  physical  charac- 
teristics and  structure,  lump  value,  density,  porosity  and  availability.  The 
percentage  of  natural  iron  content  is  the  governing  factor  in  all  ore  con- 
tracts. 

THE  IRON  UNIT 

The  primary  determinant  for  calculating  values  of  natural  iron  ore  is  the 
"Iron  Unit"  of  one  (1)  per  cent  of  a  long  ton,  such  ton  containing  one  hun- 
dred (100)  units  of  one  (1)  per  cent  each. 

THE  IRON  UNIT  VALUE 

The  percentage  of  natural  iron,  that  is,  the  number  of  determining  "Iron 
Units"  contained  therein,  is  found  by  expelling  the  moisture,  always  present 
in  natural  iron  ore,  by  drying  the  sample  at  212  degrees  F.,  and  analyzing 
the  dried  sample.  Deducting  the  percentage  of  moisture  found  in  the  nat- 
ural iron  sample  from  one  hundred,  and  multiplying  the  remainder,  expressed 
decimally,  by  the  percentage  of  iron  found  in  the  dried  sample  the  result  is 
the  percentage  of  natural  iron,  the  iron  unit  value.  See  table,  page  18. 

-i 


BASE  UNIT  VALUE 

In  order  to  obtain  the  market  value  of  iron  ore  of  any  grade,  it  is 
necessary  to  establish  a  standard  or  "base  unit  value"  for  each  grade.  This 
is  theoretically  determined  by  dividing  the  price  per  ton  by  the  percentage 
of  natural  iron,  but,  practically,  having  as  standards  an  agreed  trade  base 
price  per  ton,  with  a  guaranteed  percentage  of  natural  iron  units  (and 
agreed  precentages  of  moisture,  and  of  phosphorus,  if  Bessemer)  in  the 
ton,  a  base  unit  of  value  is  established.  This  base  unit  when  multiplied  by 
the  percentage  of  natural  iron  determines  the  price  for  standard  ore.  When 
the  product  is  increased  by  certain  agreed  premiums  the  result  is  the  price 
for  over-standard  ore,  and  when,  beginning  with  the  price  of  50  per  cent  ore 
of  any  class,  certain  agreed  penalties  are  decTuctetl  the  result  is  the  price 
for  sub-standard  ore. 


THE    1911    BASIC    GUARANTEES,    PRICES    AND    BASE    UNIT    VALUES 
FOR    STANDARD    IRON    ORES— LAKE   SUPERIOR    DISTRICT 

The  following  standards  established  the  1911  base  percentages  and 
prices  for  Lake  Superior  ores,  and  determined  their  base  unit  values  from 
which  are  calculated  prices,  premiums  and  penalties  of  all  classes: 


*BASE  PERCENTAGES 


PRICES 


Standard  Grade 

Natural 
Iron 

Phos. 

Moist 

Iron 
Dried 

Lake 
Erie 

Val- 
ley 

Base  Unit 
Value 

Old  Range-  Vermilion  Bessemer   .  . 
Mesaba  Bessemer 

55.00 
55.00 

.045 
045 

10 
10 

61.12 
61.12 

$4.50 
4.25 

$5.10 
4  85 

$0.0927273 
0.0881818 

Old  Range-  Vermilion   Non-Besse- 
mer    '  
Mesaba    Non-Bessemer  

51.50 
51.50 

12 
12 

58.52 
58.52 

3.70 
3.50 

4.30 
4.10 

0.0834951 
0.0796116 

DETERMINATION  OF  NATURAL  AND  DRIED  IRON  PERCENTAGES 

Having  a  given  percentage  of  standard  Bessemer  natural  iron,  divide  by 
.9,  or  of  non-Bessemer  natural  iron,  divide  by  .88  to  obtain  percentage  of 
iron  dried.  Having  a  given  percentage  of  standard  Bessemer  iron  dried,  multi- 
ply by  .9,  or  of  non-Bessemer  iron  dried,  multiply  by  .88  to  obtain  percentage 
of  natural  iron.  This  applies  to  ores  having  moisture  percentages  as  above. 
See  moisture  table  on  page  18. 

The  base  unit  value  for  each  grade  is  obtained  by  adding  an  arbitrary 
60  cents  per  ton,  rail  freight,  to  the  Lake  Erie  base  price,  making  the  Valley 
base  price,  and  dividing  this  Valley  base  price  by  the  base  percentage  of 
natural  iron. 

The  Valley  base  price  therefore  establishes  the  base  unit  value  and  de- 
termines the  premium  and  penalty. 


•Base  percentages  established  in  1907.  For  1905-6  the  natural  iron  base  per- 
centages were:  Old  Range,  Vermilion  and  Mesaba,  Bessemer  56.70%;  non-Besse- 
mer 52.80%,  except  Mesaba  non-Bessemer,  53%. 

fOre  prices  announced  April  21,  1911 


—2— 


LAKE    ERIE   PRICES 

As  all  ore  is  sold  delivered  at  Lower  Lake  ports,  the  accompanying 
tables  of  iron  ore  values  give  Lake  Erie  base  prices  which  are  used  in  mar- 
ket quotations  and  govern  ore  contracts. 


VALLEY   PRICES 

Valley   base  prices   are   therefore   an  arbitrary   sixty    (60)    cents,   rail 
freight,  more  per  ton  than  the  calculated  Lake  Erie  base  price  of  the  tables. 


DETERMINATION  OF  1911    BASE  UNIT  VALUES 

1.  For   Old   Range-Vermilion   Bessemer,   the   Valley   base  price,   $5.10, 
divided  by  the  base  55  per  cent  natural  iron,  determines  the  base  unit  value, 
$0.0927273. 

2.  For  Mesaba  Bessemer,  the  Valley  base  price,  $4.85,  divided  by  the 
base  55  per  cent  natural  iron,  determines  the  base  unit  value,  $0.0881818. 

3.  For  Old  Range-Vermillion  non-Bessemer,  the  Valley  base  price,  $4.30, 
divided  by  the  base    51.50  per  cent  natural  iron,  determines  the  base  unit 
value,  $0.0834951. 

4.  For  Mesaba  non-Bessemer,  the  Valley  base  price,  $4.10,  divided  by 
the   base   51.50    per    cent   natural    iron,    determines    the   base   unit   value, 
$0.0796116. 

DETERMINATION  OF  1911  PRICES,  PREMIUMS  AND  PENALTIES 

(A)    LAKE  ERIE   PRICES  FOR  STANDARD  GRADES 

1.  Lake  Erie  prices  for  Old  Range- Vermilion  Bessemer  ore  of  the  fol- 
lowing percentages  (or  fraction  thereof)  of  natural  iron:     50,  51,  52,  53,  54 
and  55  are  determined  by  multiplying  each  percentage  by  the  base  unit 
value  of  $0,0927272  and  deducting  sixty  (60)   cents  per  ton.     See  Schedule 

1,  on  page  8. 

2.  Lake  Erie  prices  for  Mesaba  Bessemer  ore  of  the  following  per- 
centages  (or  fraction  thereof)   of  natural  iron:    50,  51,  52,  53,  54  and  55, 
are  determined   by  multiplying  each   percentage  by   the   base  unit   value 
of  $0.0881818  and   deducting  sixty   (60)   cents  per  ton.     See  Schedule  No. 

2,  on  page  10. 

3.  Lake  Erie  prices  for  Old  Range-Vermillion  non-Bessemer  ore  of  the 
following  percentages  (or  fraction  thereof)  of  natural  iron:    50,  51,  52  and 
53,  are  determined  by  multiplying  each  percentage  by  the  base  unit  value 
of  $0.0834951  and  deducting  sixty  (60)  cents  per  ton.    See  Schedule  INo.  3,  on 
page  12. 

4.  Lake  Erie  prices  for  Mesaba  non-Bessemer  ore  of  the  following  per- 
centages (or  fraction  thereof)  of  natural  iron:     50,  51,  52  and  53,  are  deter- 
mined by  multiplying  each  percentage  by  the  base  unit  value  of  $0.0796116 
and  deducting  sixty  (60)  cents  per  ton.    See  Schedule  No.  4,  on  page  14. 


It  will  be  specially  noted  that  the  base  unit  value  determines  the  price 
of  the  above  classes  and  percentages  of  standard  ores.  Their  value  below 
the  base  price  is  simply  an  automatic  reduction.  It  is  in  no  sense  a  penalty. 

The  same  results  for  Lake  Erie  prices  may  also  be  obtained  by  a  process 
of  addition.  Beginning  with  the  50  per  cent  base  price,  add  thereto  the  base 
unit  value  of  the  proper  class;  the  sum  is  the  51  per  cent  price.  Add  to 
that  amount  the  same  base  unit  value;  the  total  is  the  52  per  cent  price; 
and  so  on  for  each,  per  cent,  the  cumulative  premium  applying  at  the  proper 
place.  See  Constructive  Schedules  1,  2,  3  and  4  on  pages  8,  10,  12  and  14. 

(B)    LAKE   ERIE   PRICES  FOR   OVER-STANDARD  GRADES— PREMIUMS 

Lake  Erie  prices  of  all  grades  of  standard  Bessemer  ore,  Old  Range- 
Vermilion  and  Mesaba  of  the  following  percentages  (or  fraction  thereof) 
of  natural  iron:  above  55,  56,  57,  58,  59  and  60,  and  of  all  grades  of  standard 
non-Bessemer  ore,  Old  Range-Vermilion  and  Mesaba  of  the  following  per- 
centages of  natural  iron:  above  53,  54,  55,  56,  57  and  58,  are  determined  by 
multiplying  the  percentage  of  natural  iron  by  the  base  unit  value  of  the 
proper  class  as  shown  above,  and  deducting  sixty  (60)  cents  per  ton,  and 
then,  within  the  limits  specified  and  beginning  with  the  55.01  per  cent  Besse- 
mer and  the  53.01  per  cent  non-Bessemer,  adding  thereto  a  premium  of  one 
(1)  cent,  cumulative,  per  unit. 

The  premium  never  exceeds  15  cents  per  ton  per  iron  unit,  and  beyond 
the  percentages  named  the  calculations  for  succeeding  prices  revert  to  the 
use  of  the  original  base  unit  values,  each  percentage,  however,  receiving  the 
premium  of  15  cen«ts  per  ton.  See  Schedules  1,  2,  3  and  4,  on  pages  8,  10,  12 
and  14. 

(C)  LAKE  ERIE  PRICES  FOR  SUB-STANDARD  GRADES— PENALTIES 

For  Bessemer  ore,  deduct  from  the  50  per  cent  Lake  Erie  base  price 
1^  base  units  of  the  proper  class;  the  result  is  the  49  per  cent  price;  deduct 
from  that  amount  2  base  units,  the  result  is  the  48  per  cent  price;  deduct 
2  base  units  from  each  succeeding  result,  and  each  result  will  give  Lake  Erie 
price  for  47,  46,  45,  44,  43,  42,  41  and  40  per  cent. 

The  1911  penalty  for  each  unit  below  49  per  cent  is:  for  Old  Range- Ver- 
milion $0.1854546;  for  Mesaba  $0.1763636. 

For  non-Bessemer  ore,  deduct  from  the  50  per  cent  Lake  Erie  base  price 
l1^  base  units  of  the  proper  class;  the  result  is  the  49  per  cent  price;  deduct 
from  that  amount  and  from  each  succeeding  result  2  base  units,  and  each 
result  will  give  Lake  Erie  price  for  48,  47,  46,  45,  44,  43,  42,  41  and  40  per  cent. 

The  1911  penalty  for  each  unit  below  49  per  cent  is:  for  Old  Range-Ver- 
milion $0.1669902;  for  Mesaba  $0.1592232;  although  for  below  49  per  cent 
trade  ore  tables  carry  the  $0.1592232  as  an  arbitrary  18  cents. 

TABULAR    PRICES    FOR     ESTIMATING 

The  prices  for  45,  46  and  47  percentages  of  natural  iron  in  the  tables 
of  values,  and  the  prices  for  40  to  45  percentages  found  in  the  Illustrative 
Schedules  are  given  as  of  service  for  estimating  probable  future  value  of 
sub-grade  reserve  ores. 


PHOSPHORUS  PREMIUM  AND  PENALTY 

Should  there  be  a  phosphorus  premium  or  penalty  the  amount  to  foe 
added  or  deducted  will  be  found  in  the  standard  table  of  phosphorus  values, 

on  page  16. 


ADDITIONAL  PREMIUM  OR  PENALTY  BY  PRIVATE  CONTRACT 

Any  further  premium  for  such  as  lump  value  is  added  to  and  any  further 
penalty  for  such  as  silica,  manganese  and  sulphur,  is  deducted  from  the 
standard  prices  for  standard  ores,  by  private  contract  at  an  arbitrary  amount 
per  ton. 


MATHEMATICAL  AND  TRADE  CALCULATING   DECIMALS 

To  secure  mathematical  accuracy  seven  (7)  decimals  are  used  in<  calcu- 
lating units  of  value  and  prices,  and  are  given  in  the  illustrative  schedules. 

For  trade  purposes  five  (5)  decimals  in  the  price  are  sufficient,  and  are 
so  used  in  the  tables  of  iron  ore  values. 

Any  tonnage  multiplied  by  the  tabular  price  of  the  proper  percentage 
of  any  given  grade,  will  result  in  the  value  of  that  tonnage  at  Lake  Erie. 


BASE  UNIT  VALUE  FOR  CHANGE  IN  PRICE 

Should  the  present  natural  iron  base  standards  continue,  but  the  price  of 
ere  be  raised  or  lowered  from  1911  prices,  the  base  unit  values  to  correspond 
with  such  new  prices  within  the  limits  named,  will  be  found  in  the  schedule 
of  permanent  base  unit  values.  A  new  table  of  ore  values  would  be  con- 
structed by  the  method  herein  described  in  "Determination  of  1911  Prices, 
Premiums  and  Penalties,"  using  any  other  consideration  named  in  the  new 
ore  contracts.  See  Schedule  on  page  17. 


BASE  UNIT  VALUE  FOR  CHANGES  IN  PRICE  AND  OF  NATURAL  IRON 

BASE 

Where  both  base  price  and  natural  iron  base  standards  change,  add  to 
the  new  Lake  Erie  base  price,  60  cents,  making  the  Valley  base  price;  and 
divide  this  Valley  base  price  by  the  new  base  percentage  of  natural  iron, 
thereby  establishing  the  new  base  unit  value,  and  proceed  as  described  in 
"Determination  of  1911  Prices,  Premiums  and  Penalties." 


In  the  event  of  a  change  in  base  price,  but  no  change  in  the  1911  base 
natural  iron  percentages,  new  values  may  be  quickly  determined,  as  follows: 

To  any  given  1911  Lake  Erie  price,  of  any  percentage,  or  fraction,  of  any 
grade,  add  60  cents  (for  Valley  price,  which  determines  the  base  unit  value) 
and  multiply  the  total  by  the  decimal  multiple  corresponding  with  the  new 
base  price;  deduct  from  that  amount  (the  Valley  price)  60  cents,  and  the 
result  is  the  new  Lake  Erie  price.  For  decimal  multiple,  see  schedule  on 
page  17. 

A   DEFINITION    OF   BESSEMER   ORE 

Bessemer  ore  dried  at  212WF.  has  a  typical  analysis  of  61.55  per  cent 
iron,  0.47  per  cent  phosphorus,  4.6  per  cent  silica  and  1.5  per  cent  manganese. 
With  a  generally  accepted  moisture  of  10  per  cent  this  is  equivalent  to  55.39 
per  cent  natural  iron.  The  per  cent  of  iron  may  be  diminished  provided 
there  is  a  diminution  of  phosphorus  equal  to  .0075  for  each  per  cent  of  iron 
loss. 

ABNORMAL  CONDITIONS 

The  work  cannot  enter  into  abnormal  conditions.  Until  mine  and  fur- 
nace operators  agree  upon  and  establish  tables,  of  premiums  for  lump  ore, 
and  of  penalty  for  excess  of  silica,  manganese,  sulphur,  etc.,  settlements  for 
such  contents  must  of  necessity  remain  a  matter  for  private  adjustment. 
They  cannot  now  be  tabulated. 

Even  though  furnaces  may  be  able  to  buy  sub-grades  ores  at  their  own 
terms  and  for  less  than  the  tabular  price,  the  price  determined  from  base 
values  are  given  to  govern  theoretically  until  sub-grade  values  are  established 
that  will  be  accepted  and  adhered  to  by  buyer  and  seller. 


Illustrative  Schedules 

and 
Abridged  Tables 

of 
Values 


1911 


COMPILED   BY 
RUKARD  KURD 


ILLUSTRATIVE  SCHEDULE  No.  1 
OLD  RANGE-VERMILION  BESSEMER 

Constructive  Mathematical  Table  of  Lake  Erie  Prices  by  Subtraction  of  l^fand  2 
Base  Units,  as  indicated,  by  Addition  of  the  Base  Unit  and  the  Premium, 
and  by  Multiplication  of  the  Base  Units  with  added  Premium 


BY  SUBTRACTION 

Natural  Iron 
Per  Cent 

Net  Lake 
Erie  Price 

Total 
Penalty 

50 
1* 

49 
2* 

48 
47 
46 
45 
44 
43 
42 
41 
40 

$4.0363650 
.  1390909 

$0.1390909 
.3245455 
.5100001 
.6954547 
.8809093 
1.0663639 
1.2518185 
1.4372731 
1  .  6227277 
1.8081823 

$3.8972741 
.  1854546 

$3.7118195 
.  1854546 

$3.5263649 
.  1854546 

$3.3409103 
.  1854546 

$3.1554557 
.  1854546 

$2.9700011 
.1854546 

$2.7845465 
.  1854546 

$2  .  5990919 
.  1854546 

$2.4136373 
.  1854546 

BY  MULTIPLICATION 

$2.2281827 

Natural  Iron 
Per  Cent          Base  Unit 

*Lake  Erie 
Price  ,-j 

BY  ADDITION 

60 
51 
52 
53 
54 
55 
56 
57 
58 
59 
60 
61 

$4.0363650 
.0927273 

Premium 

$0.01 
.03 
.06 
.10 
.15 
.15 

50     x  $0.0927273 
51     x       .0927273 
52     x       .0927273 
53     x       .0927273 
54     x        .0927273 

55     x        .0927273 

Premium 
56     x       .0927273+    Ic 

57     x       .0927273+    3c 
58     x       .0927273+    6c 
59     x       .  0927273  +  lOc 
60     x       .  0927273  +15c 
61      x        .0927273+15c 

$4.0363650 
4.1290923 
4.2218196 
4.3145469 
4.4072742 
4.5000015 
4.6027288 
4.7154561 
4.S381834 
4.9709107 
5.1136380 
5  .  2063653 

$4.1290923 
.0927273 

$4.  2218196 
.0927273 

$4  3145469 
.0927273 

$4.4072742 
.0927273 

$4.5000015 
.  1027273 

$4.6027288 
.1127273 

$4.7154561 
.  1227273 

$4.8381834 
.  1327273 

$4.9709107 
.  1427273 

$5.1136380 
.0927273 

$5.2063653 

L*  H  Base  Units.  2*  2  Base  Units. 

Every  price  includes  a  deduction  of  60  cents  per  ton. 


SCHEDULE  No.  1  OF  PRICES 
OLD  RANGE-VERMILION  BESSEMER 

Base  Natural  Iron  55%,  Base  Valley  Price  $5.10,  Base  Unit  Value  $0.0927273 
Base  Lake  Erie  Price  $4.50 

*ABRIDGED  TABLE 


CLASS 

Natural 
Iron 
Per  Cent 

Net 
Lake  Erie 
Price 

Penalty 

40 

$2.2281827 

$1.8081823 

41 

2.4136373 

1.6227277 

42 

2.5990919 

1.4372731 

43 

2  .  7845465 

1.2518185 

Sub-Standard  

44 

2.9700011 

1.0663639 

45 

3.1554557 

.8809093 

46 

3.3409103 

.6954547 

47 

3.5263649 

.5100001 

48 

3.7118195 

.3245455 

49 

3.8972741 

.  1390909 

• 

Base  Unit  Value 

f     50 

$4.0363650 

$0.0927273 

51 

4.1290923 

.0927273 

Standard.                .    . 

52 

4.2218196 

.0927273 

53 

4.3145469 

.0927273 

54 

4.4072742 

.0927273 

55 

4.5000015 

.0927273 

Premium 

56 

$4  .  6027288 

$0.1027273 

57 

4.7154561 

.2154546 

Over  Standard.  .  . 

58 

4.8381834 

.3381819 

59 

4.9709107 

.4709092 

60 

5.1136380 

.6136365 

I     61 

5.2063653 

.7063638 

Special  Note: 

•"Complete  tables  are  placed  at  the  end  of  the  Manual  for  convenient  reference. 
The   Penalty  ending  with  49.99%   is  deducted  pro  rata  from   prices. 
The  Premium  beginning  with  55.01%   is  added  pro  rata  to  prices. 


ILLUSTRATIVE  SCHEDULE  No.  2 
MESABA  BESSEMER 

Constructive  Mathematical  Table  of  Lake  Erie  prices  by  Subtraction  of  1}  and  2 
Base  Units,  as  indicated,  by  Addition  of  the  Base  Unit  and  the  Premium, 
and  by  Multiplication  of  the  Base  Unit  with  added  Premium 


BY  SUBTRACTION 

Natural  Iron 
Per  Cent 

Lake  Erie 
Price 

Total 
Penalty 

60 

1* 

49 

2* 
48 

47 
46 
45 
44 
43 
42 
41 
40 

$3.8090900 
.  1322727 

$0.1322727 
.3086363 
.4849999 
.6613635 
.8377271 
1.0140907 
1.1904543 
1.3668179 
1.5431815 
1.7195451 

$3.6768173 
.  1763636 

$3  .  5004537 
.  1763636 

$3.3240901 
.  1763636 

$3.1477265 
.  1763636 

$2.9713629 
.1763636 

$2.7949993 
.1763636 

$2.6186357 
.  1763636 

$2.4422721 
.1763636 

$2.2659085 
.  1763636 

BY  MULITPLICATION 

$2.0895449 

Natural  Iron 
Per  Cent           Base  Unit 

*Lake  Erie 
Price 

BY  ADDITION 

50     x  $0.0881818 
51     x       .0881818 
52     x       .0881818 
53     x       .0881818 
54     x       .0881818 

55     x       .0881818 
(To  adjust) 

Premium 
56     x       .0881818+    Ic 

57     x       .0881818+    3c 
58     x       .0881818+    6c 
59     x       .0881818+  lOc 
60     x        .0881818+  loc 
61     x        .  0881818+  15c 

$3.8090900 
3.8972718 
3  .  9854536 
4.0736354 
4.1618172 

4.2499990 
.0000010 

50 
51 
52 
53 
54 

55 

56 
57 
58 
59 
60 
61 

$3.8090900 
.0881818 

Premium 

$0.01 
.03 
.06 
.10 
.15 
.15 

$3.8972718 
.0881818 

$3  .  9854536 
.0881818 

$4.0736354 
.0881818 

$4.1618172 
.0881818 

$4  .  2499990 
(to  adjust)  10 

$4.2500000 
(to  adjust)  10 

$4.2500000 

4.3481808 
4.4563626 
4.5745444 
4.7027262 
4.8409080 
4.9290898 

$4.2499990 
.0981818 

4.3481808 
.1081818 

$4.4563626 
.1181818 

$4  .  5745444 
.1281818 

$4.7027262 
.1381818 

$4.8409080 
.0881818 

$4  .  9290898 

1*  H  Base  Units.  2*  2Base  Units. 

*Every  price  includes  a  deduction  of  60  cents  per  ton. 

—10— 


SCHEDULE  No.  2  OF  PRICES 
MESABA  BESSEMER 

Base  Natural  Iron  55%,  Base  Valley  Price  $4.85,  Base  Unit  Value  $0.0881818 
Base  Lake  Erie  Price  $4.25 

*ABRIDGED  TABLE 


CLASS 

Natural 
Iron 
Per  Cent 

Net 
Lake  Erie 
Price 

Penalty 

40 

$2.0895449 

$1.7195451 

41 

2.2659085 

1.5431815 

42 

2.4422721 

1.3668179 

43 

2.6186357 

1  .  1904543 

Sub-Standard       

44 

2  .  7949993 

1.0140907 

j          ^rm 

45 

2.9713629 

.8377271 

46 

3.1477265 

.6613635 

47 

3.3240901 

.4849999 

48 

3  .  5004537 

.3086363 

49 

3.6768173 

.1322727 

Base  Unit  Value 

f     50 

$3.8090900 

$0.0881818 

51 

3.8972718 

.0881818 

Standard   

52 

3.9854536 

.0881818 

j           \jt* 

53 

4.0736354 

.0881818 

54 

4.1618172 

.0881818 

(     55 

4  .  2500000 

.0881818 

Premium 

56 

$4.3181808 

$0.0981818 

57 

4.4563626 

.2063636 

Over-Standard  

58 

4  .  5745444 

.  3245454 

)           «*w 

59 

4.7027262 

.4527272 

60 

4  .  8409080 

.  5909090 

I     61 

4.9290898 

.  6790908 

Special  Note : 

'•'Complete  tables  are  placed  at  the  end  of  the  Manual  for  convenient  reference. 
The   Penalty  ending  with  49.99%   is  deducted   pro   rata  from   prices. 
The  Premium  beginning  with  55.01%   is  added  pro  rata  to  prices. 


—11— 


ILLUSTRATIVE  SCHEDULE  No.  3 
OLD  RANGE-VERMILION  NON-BESSEMER 

Constructive  Mathematical  Table  of  Lake  Erie  prices  by  Subtraction  of  1$  and  2 
Base  Units,  as  indicated,  by  Addition  of  the  Base  Unit  and  the  Premium, 
and  by  Multiplication  of  the  Base  Unit  with  added  Premium 


BY  SUBTRACTION 

Natural  Iron 
Per  Ceut 

liike  Erie 
Price 

Total 
Penalty 

50 
i 

49 
I 

48 
47 
46 
45 
44 
43 
42 
41 
40 

$3  .  5747550 
.1252426 

$0.1252426 
.2922328 
.  4592230 
.6262132 
.  7932034 
.9601936 
1.1271838 
1.2941740 
1.4611642 
1.6281544 

$3.4495124 
.  1669902 

$3.2825222 
.  1669902 

$3.1155320 
.1669902 

$2  .  9485418 
.1669902 

$2.7815516 
.1669902 

$2.6145614 
.  1669902 

$2.4475712 
.1669902 

$2.2805810 
.  1669902 

$2.1135908 
.1669902 

BY  MULTIPLICATION 

$1.9466006 

Natural  Iron 
Per  Cent            Base  Unit 

*Lake  Erie 
Price 

BY  ADDITION 

50 
51 
52 
53 
54 
55 
56 
57 
58 
59 
60 

$3  .  5747550 
.0834951 

Premium 

$0.01 
.03 
.06 
.10 
.15 
.15 
.15 

50     x  $0.0834951 
51     x       .0834951 
52     x       .0834951 

53     x        .0834951 

Premium 
54     x        .  083495  1-f    Ic 

55     x        .0834951+    3c 
56     x        .0834951+    6c 
57     x        .  0834951  +  lOc 
58     x        .  0834951  +15c 
59     x        .  0834951  +15c 
60     x        .  0834951  +15c 

$3  .  5747550 
3.6582501 
3.7417452 
3.8252403 
3.9187354 
4.0222305 
4  .  1357256 
4.2592207 
4.3927158 
4.4762109 
4  .  5597060 

$3.6582501 
.0834951 

$3.7417452 
.0834951 

$3  .  8252403 
.0934951 

$3.9187354 
.  1034951 

$4.0222305 
.1134951 

$4.1357256 
.  1234951 

$4.2592207 
.1334951 

$4.3927158 
.0834951 

$4.4762109 
.0834951 

$4  .  5597060 

1*   11  Base  Units.  2*  2  Base  Units. 

*  Every  price  includes  a  deduction  of  60  cents  per  ton. 


—12— 


SCHEDULE  No.  3  OF  PRICES 
OLD  RANGE- VERMILION  NON-BESSEMER 

Base  Natural  Iron  51.50%,  Base  Valley  Price  $4.30,  Base  Unit  Value  $0.0834951 
Base  Lake  Erie  Price  $3.70 

*ABRIDGED  TABLE 


CLASS 

Natural 
Iron 
Per  Cent 

Net 
Lake  Erie 
Price 

Penalty 

f     40 

SI.  9466006 

$1.6281544 

41 

2.1135908 

1.4611642 

42 

2.2805810 

1.2941740 

43 

2.4475712 

1.1271838 

Sub-Standard  

44 

2.6145614 

.9601936 

:      45 

2.7815516 

.7932034 

46 

2.9485418 

.6262132 

47 

3.1155320 

.4592230 

48 

3.2825222 

.  2922328 

49 

3.4495124 

.  1252426 

Base  Unit  Value 

f     50 

$3.5747550 

$0.0834951 

Standard  

j      51 

3.6582501 

.0834951 

/ 

1      52 

3.7417452 

.0834951 

[     53 

3.8252403 

.0834951 

Premium 

f     54 

$3.9187354 

$0.0934951 

55 

4.0222305 

.  1969902 

56 

4.1357256 

.3104853 

Over-Standard  

<}      57 

4  .  2592207 

.  4339804 

1 

58 

4.3927158 

.  5674755 

59 

4.4762109 

.  6509706 

60 

4.5597060 

.  7344657 

Special  Note: 

-Complete  tables  are  placed  at  the  end  of  the  Manual  for  convenient  reference. 
The   Penalty  ending  with  49.99%   is  deducted   pro  rata  from   prices. 
The  Premium  beginning  with  53.01%  is  added  pro  rata  to  prices. 


—13— 


ILLUSTRATIVE  SCHEDULE  No.  4 
MESABA  NON-BESSEMER 

Constructive  Mathematical  Table  of  Lake  Erie  prices  by  Subtraction  of  1A  and  2 
Base  Units,  as  indicated,  by  Addition  of  the  Base  Unit  and  the  Premium, 
and  by  Multiplication  of  the  Base  Unit  with  added  Premium 


BY  SUBTRACTION 

Natural  Iron 
Per  Cent 

Lake  Erie 
Price 

Total 
Penalty 

50 
1* 

49 

2* 

48 
47 
46 
45 
44 
43 
42 
41 
40 

$3.3805800 
.1194174 

$0.1194174 
.2786406 
.4378638 
.5970870 
.7563102 
.9155334 
1.0747566 
1.2339798 
1.3932030 
1  .  5524262 

$3.2611626 
.  1592232 

$3.1019394 
.  1592232 

$2.9427162 
.1592232 

$2.7834930 
.  1592232 

$2  .  6242698 
.  1592232 

$2.4650466 
.1592232 

$2  .  3058234 
.1592232 

$2  .  1466002 
.  1592232 

$1  .  9873770 
.1592232 

BY  MULTIPLICATION 

$1.8281538 

Natural  Iron 
Per  Cent           Base  Unit 

*Lake  Erie 
Price 

BY  ADDITION 

50 
51 
52 
53 
54 
55 
56 
57 
58 
59 

$3.3805800 
.0796116 

Premium 

$0.01 
.03 
.06 
.10 
.15 
.15 
.15 

50     x  $0.07961  16 
51     x       .0796116 
52     x       .0796116 

53     x       .0796116 

Premium 
54     x        .0796116+    Ic 

55     x       .0796116+    3c 
56     x       .0796116+    6c 
57     x       .  0796116+  lOc 
58     x       .  0796116+  15c 
59     x       .  0796116+  15c 
60     x        .  0796116+  15c 

$3.3805800 
3.4601916 
3  .  5398032 
3.6194148 
3.7090264 
3.8086380 
3.9182496 
4.0378612 
4.1674728 
4.2470844 
4.3266960 

$3.4601916 
.0796116 

$3.5398032 
.0796116 

$3.6194148 
.0896116 

$3.7090264 
.0996116 

$3  .  8086380 
.1096116 

$3.9182496 
.1196116 

$4.0378612 
.1296116 

$4.1674728 
.0796116 

$4.2470844 
.0796116 

$4.3266960 

1*  1£  Base  Units.  2*  2  units  used  instead  of  the  arbitrary  18  cents. 

*Every  price  includes  a  deduction  of  60  cents  per  ton. 

—14— 


SCHEDULE  No.  4  OF  PRICES 
MESABA  NON-BESSEMER 

Base  Natural  Iron  51.50%,  Base  Valley  Price  $4.10,  Base  Unit  Value  $0.0796116 
Base  Lake  Erie  Price  $3.50 

*ABRIDGED;TABLE 


CLASS 

Natural 
Iron 
Per  Cent 

Net 
Lake  Erie 
Price 

Penalty 

40 

$1.8281538 

$1.5524262 

41 

1.9873770 

1.3932030 

42 

2.1466002 

1.2339798 

43 

2.3058234 

1.0747566 

Sub-Standard. 

44 

2.4650466 

.9155334 

:      45 

2.6242698 

.7563102 

46 

2.7834930 

.  5970870 

47 

2.9427162 

.4378638 

48 

3.1019394 

.  2786406 

49 

3.2611626 

.1194174 

Base  Unit  Value 

f     50 

$3.3805800 

$0.0796116 

Standard 

51 

3.4601916 

.0796116 

J           "* 

}      52 

3.5398032 

.0796116 

• 

[     53 

3.6194148 

.0796116 

Premium 

54 

$3.7090264 

$0.0896116 

55 

3.8086380 

.1892232 

56 

3.9182496 

.2988348 

Over-Standard 

57 

4.0378612 

.4184464 

58 

4.1674728 

.5480580 

59 

4  .  2470844 

.6276696 

60 

4.3266960 

.7072812 

Special  Note: 

"Complete  tables  are  placed  at  the  end  of  the  Manual  for  convenient  reference. 
The   Penalty  ending   with  49.99%   is  deducted   pro  rata  from   prices. 
The  Premium  beginning  with  53.019o  is  added  pro  rata  to  prices. 


— 15 — 


STANDARD  TABLE  OF  PHOSPHORUS  VALUES 


PENALTY 

PREMIUM 

Phosphorus 

Phosphorus 

Per  cent 

Penalty 
Cents 

Progression 
Per  Unit 

Per  cent 

Premium 
Cents 

Progression 
Per  Unit 

Cents 

Cents 

.045 

.0000 

.0000 

.045 

.0000 

.0000 

.046 

.0080 

.0080 

.044 

.0080 

.0080 

.047 

.0165 

.0085 

043 

.0165 

.0085 

.048 

.0255 

.0090 

.042 

.0255 

.0090 

.049 

.0350 

.0095 

.041 

.0350 

.0095 

.050 

.0450 

.0100 

.040 

.0450 

.0100 

.051 

.0555 

.0105 

.039 

.0555 

.0105 

.052 

.0665 

.0110 

.038 

.0665 

.0110 

.053 

.0780 

.0115 

.037 

.0780 

.0115 

.054 

.0900 

.0120 

.036 

.0900 

.0120 

.055 

.1025 

.0125 

.035 

.1025 

.0125 

.056 

.1155 

.0130 

.034 

.1155 

.0130 

.057 

.1290 

.0135 

.033 

.1290 

.0135 

.058 

.1430 

.0140 

.032 

.1430 

.0140 

.059 

.1575 

.0145 

.031 

.1575 

.0145 

.060 

.1725 

.0150 

.030 

.1725 

.0150 

.061 

.1880 

.0155 

.029 

.1880 

.0155 

.062 

.2040 

.0160 

.028 

.2040 

.0160 

.063 

.2205 

.0165 

.027 

.2205 

.0165 

.064 

.2375 

.0170 

.026 

.2375 

.0170 

.065 

.2550 

.0175 

.025 

.2550 

.0175 

.066 

.2730 

.0180 

.024 

.2730 

.0180 

.067 

.2915 

.0185 

.023 

.2915 

.0185 

.068 

.3105 

.0190 

.022 

.3105 

.0190 

.069 

.3300 

.0195 

.021 

.3300 

.0195 

.070 

.3500 

.0200 

.020 

.3500 

.0200 

.019 

.3705 

.0205 

|   " 

.018 

.3915 

.0210 

.017 

.4130 

.0215 

)   ' 

.016 

.4350 

.0220 

.015 

.4575 

.0225 

'.  '.  '. 

*  [  \ 

.014 

.4805 

.0230 

.013 

.5040 

.0235 

!  '.  '. 

.012 

.5280 

.0240 

.011 

.5525 

.0245 

'.  '.  '. 

|   \- 

.010 

.5775 

.0250 

.009 

.6030 

.0255 

'.  '.  '. 

.008 

.6290 

.0260 

.007 

.6555 

.0265 

'.  '.  '. 

.006 

.6825 

.0270 

•  •  • 

.... 

.005 

.7100 

.0275 

—16— 


SCHEDULE    OF    PERMANENT    BASE    UNIT    VALUES 


FOR  DETERMINING  FROM  ANY  BASE  PRICE 

VALLEY  PRICES,  PREMIUMS  AND  PENALTIES 

BASE  NATURAL  IRON,  BESSEMER  55%  NON  BESSMER  51.50% 

And  the  Corresponding  Decimal  Multiple  to  apply  to  Rule  on  Page  6 
Deduct  from  all  calculations  60  cents  to  obtain  Lake  Erie  prices 

Specially  Compiled  by  Rukard  Hurd  for  this  Manual 


Old  Range-Vermilion  Bessemer 

1911  Base  Standard 
55%— $5.10— $0.0927273 
Lake  Erie  Price  $4.50 


Mesaba  Bessemer 

1911  Base  Standard 

55%— $4.85— $0.0881818 

Lake  Erie  Price  $4.25 


Valley 
Base 

Valley 
Base    Unit 

1911 
Decimal 

Valley 
Base 

Valley 
Base  Unit 

1911 
Decimal 

Price 

Value 

Multiple 

Price 

Value 

Multiple 

$4.85 

$0.0881818 

.95098 

$4.60 

$0.0836364 

.94845 

4.90 

.0890909 

.96078 

4.65 

.0845454 

.95876 

4.95 

.0900000 

.97059 

4.70 

.0854545 

.96907 

5.00 

.0909091 

.98039 

4.75 

.0863636 

.97938 

5.05 

.0918182 

.99020 

4.80 

.0872727 

.  98969 

5.10 

.0927273 

1  .  00000 

4.85 

.0881818 

.00000 

5.15 

.0936364 

1.00980 

4.90 

.0890909 

.01031 

5.20 

.0945454 

1.01961 

4.95 

.0900000 

.  02062 

5.25 

.0954545 

.02491 

5.00 

.0909091 

.03093 

5.30 

.0963636 

.03921 

5.05 

.0918182 

.04124 

5.35 

.0972727 

.04902 

5.10 

.0927273 

.05155 

5.40 

.0981818 

1.05882 

5.15 

.0936364 

.06186 

5.45 

.  0990909 

1.06863 

5.20 

.  0945454 

.07216 

5.50 

.  1000000 

1.07843 

5.25 

.0954545 

.08247 

5.55 

.  1009091 

1.08823 

5.30 

.0963636 

.09278 

5.60 

.1018182 

1.09804 

5.35 

.0972727 

.  10309 

5.65 

.1027273 

1.10784 

5.40 

.0981818 

.11340 

5.70 

.1036364 

1.11765 

5.45 

.0990909 

.12371 

5.75 

.  1045454 

1.12745 

5.50 

.  1000000 

.13402 

5.80 

.  1054545 

1.13725 

5.55 

.1009091 

.14433 

5.85 

.  1063636 

1.14706 

5.60 

.1018182 

.15464 

Old  Range-  Vermilion  Non-Bessemer 

Mesaba  Non-Bessemer 

1911  Base  Standard 

1911  Base  Standard 

51.50%—  $4.30—  $0.0834951 

51.50%—  $4.10—  $0.0796116 

Lake  Erie  Price  $3.70 

Lake  Erie  Price  $3.50 

$4.05 

$0  .  0786408 

.94186 

$3  .  85 

$0.0747573 

.93902 

4.10 

.0796116 

.95349 

3.90 

.0757281 

.95122 

4.15 

.0805825 

.96512 

3  .  95 

.0766990 

.96341 

4.20 

.0815534 

.97674 

4.00 

.0776699 

.97561 

4.25 

.0825243 

.98837 

4.05 

.0786408 

.98780 

4.30 

.0834951 

1.00000 

4.10 

.0796116 

1.00000 

4.35 

.0844660 

1.01163 

4.15 

.0805825 

1.01219 

4.40 

.0854369 

1.02326 

4.20 

.0815534 

1.02439 

4.45 

.  0864078 

1.03488 

4.25 

.0825243 

1.03659 

4.50 

.0873786 

1.04651 

4.30 

.0834951 

1.04878 

4.55 

.  0883495 

1.05814 

4.35 

.0844660 

1  .  06097 

4.60 

.0893204 

1.06977 

4.40 

.0854369 

1.07317 

4.65 

.0902913 

1.08139 

4.45 

.0864079 

.  08536 

4.70 

.0912621 

1.09302 

4.50 

.0873786 

.09756 

4.75 

.0922330 

1  .  10465 

4.55 

.0883495 

.10976 

4.80 

.0932039 

1.11628 

4.60 

.0893204 

.12195 

4.85 

.0941748 

1.12791 

4.65 

.0902913 

.13415 

4.90 

.0951456 

1.13953 

4.70 

.0912621 

.  14634 

4.95 

.0961165 

1.15116 

4.75 

.0922330 

.15854 

5.00 

.0970874 

1.16279 

4.80 

.0932039 

.17073 

5.05 

.0980582 

1.17442 

4.85 

.0941748 

.18293 

-17— 


MOISTURE  TABLE 

MOISTURE    RANGING    FROM   1%  TO   10%,    INCLUSIVE 

Showing  by  the  Per  Cent  of  Moisture  Found  in  Iron  Dried  at  212*   F. 

The  Per  Cent  of  Natural  Iron 

Specially  Compiled  by  Rukard   Hurd  for  this  Manual 


Per  Cent 

1% 

2% 

3% 

4% 

5% 

6% 

7% 

8% 

9% 

10% 

Iron  Dried 

Natural 

Natural 

Natural 

Natural 

Natural 

Natural 

Natural 

Natural 

Natural 

Natural 

Iron 

Iron 

Iron 

Iron 

Iron 

Iron 

Iron 

Iron 

Iron 

Iron 

35.00 

34.65 

34.30 

33.95 

33.60 

33.25 

32.90 

32.55 

32.20 

31.85 

31.50 

36.00 

35.64 

35.28 

34.92 

34.56 

34.20 

33.84 

33.48 

33.12 

32.76 

32.40 

37.00 

36.63 

36.26 

35.89 

35.52 

35.15 

34.78 

34.41 

34.04 

33.67 

33.30 

38.00 

37.62 

37.24 

36.86 

36.48 

36.10 

35.72 

35.34 

34.96 

34.58 

34.20 

39.00 

38.61 

38.22 

37.83 

37.44 

37.05 

36.66 

36.27 

35.88 

35.49 

35.10 

40.00 

39.60 

39.20 

38.80 

38.40 

38.00 

37.60 

37.20 

36.80 

36.40 

36.90 

41.00 

40.59 

40.18 

39.77 

39.36 

38.95 

38.54 

38.13 

37.72 

37.31 

37.80 

42.00 

41.58 

41.16 

40.74 

40.32 

39.90 

39.48 

39.06 

38.64 

38.22 

38.70 

43.00 

42.57 

42.14 

41.71 

41.28 

40.85 

40.42 

39.99 

39.56 

39.13 

39.60 

44.00 

43.56 

43.12 

42.68 

42.24 

41.80 

41.36 

40.92 

40.48 

40.04 

40.50 

45.00 

44.55 

44.10 

43.65 

43.20 

42.75 

42.30 

41.85 

41.40 

40.95 

40.50 

46.00 

45.54 

45.08 

44.62 

44.16 

43.70 

43.24 

42.78 

42.32 

41.86 

41.40 

47.00 

46.53 

46.06 

45.59 

45.12 

44.65 

44.18 

43.71 

43.24 

42.77 

42.30 

48.00 

47.52 

47.04 

46.56 

46.08 

45.16 

45.12 

44.64 

44.16 

43.68 

43.20 

49.00 

48.51 

48.02 

47.53 

47.04 

46.55 

46.06 

45.57 

45.08 

44.59 

44.10 

50.00 

49.50 

49.00 

48.50 

48.00 

47.50 

47.00 

46.50 

46.00 

45.50 

45.00 

51.00 

50.49 

49.98 

49.47 

48.96 

48.45 

47.94 

47.43 

46.92 

46.41 

45.90 

52.00 

51.48 

50.96 

50.44 

49.92 

49.40 

48.88 

48.36 

47.84 

47.32 

46.80 

53.00 

52.47 

51.94 

51.41 

50.88 

50.35 

49.82 

49.29 

48.76 

48.23 

47.70 

54.00 

53.46 

52.92 

52.38 

51.84 

51.30 

50.76 

50.22 

49.68 

49.14 

48.60 

55.00 

54.45 

53.90 

53.35 

52.80 

52.25 

51.70 

51.15 

50.60 

50.05 

49.50 

56.00 

55.44 

54.88 

54.32 

53.76 

53.20 

52.64 

52.08 

51.52 

50.96 

50.40 

57.00 

56.43 

55.86 

55.29 

54.72 

54.15 

53.58 

53.01 

52.44 

51.87 

51.30 

58.00 

57.42 

56.84 

56.26 

55.68 

55.10 

54.52 

53.94 

53.36 

52.78 

52.20 

59.00 

58.41 

57.82 

57.23 

56.64 

56.05 

55.46 

54.87 

54.28 

53.69 

53.10 

60.00 

59.40 

58.80 

58.20 

57.60 

57.00 

56.40 

55.80 

55.20 

54.60 

54.00 

61.00 

60.39 

59.78 

59.17 

58.56 

57.95 

57.34 

56.73 

56.12 

55.51 

54.90 

62.00 

61.38 

60.76 

60.14 

59.52 

58.90 

58.28 

57.66 

57.04 

56.42 

55.80 

63.00 

62.37 

61.74 

61.11 

60.48 

59.85 

59.22 

58.59 

57.96 

57.33 

56.70 

64.00 

63.36 

62.72 

62.08 

61.44 

60.80 

60.16 

59.52 

58.88 

58.24 

57.60 

65.00 

64.35 

63.70 

63.05 

62.40 

61.75 

61.10 

60.45 

59.80 

59.15 

58.50 

66.00 

65.34 

64.68 

64.02 

63.36 

62.70 

62.04 

61.38 

60.72 

60.06 

59.40 

67.00 

66.33 

65.66 

64.99 

64.32 

63.65 

62.98 

62.31 

61.64 

60.97 

60.30 

68.00 

67.32 

66.64 

65.96 

65.28 

64.60 

63.92 

63.24 

62.56 

61.88 

61.20 

Factor.  .  . 

.99 

.98 

.97 

.96 

.95 

.94 

.93 

.92 

.91 

.90 

Multiply  the  per  cent  of  Iron  dried  at  212  °  F.  by  the  factor  corresponding 
to  the  per  cent  of  moisture  found  therein.  The  result  is  the  per  cent  of  Natural 
Iron. 

The  above  is  an  abridged  table  and  applies  only  to  the  even  percentages  of 
moisture  and  of  Iron  dried  as  stated.  To  obtain  any  per  cent  or  fraction  thereof: 

Deduct  from  100  the  per  cent  of  moisture  found  in  Natural  Iron  dried  at 
212°  F.  and  multiply  the  remainder,  expressed  decimally,  by  the  per  cent  of  Iron 
dried.  The  result  is  the  per  cent  of  Natural  Iron. 


—18— 


MOISTURE  TABLE 

MOISTURE    RANGING    FROM    11%   TO  20%,    INCLUSIVE 

Showing  by  the   Per  Cent  of   Moisture   Found   in   Iron   Dried  at  212°   F. 

The   Per  Cent  of   Natural    Iron 

Specially   Compiled   by   Rukard    Hurd   for   this    Manual 


Per  Cent 
Iron  Dried 

11% 

12% 

13% 

14% 

15% 

16% 

*17% 

18% 

19% 

20% 

Natural 
Iron 

Natural 
Iron 

Natural 
Iron 

Natural 
Iron 

Natural 
Iron 

Natural 
Iron 

Natural 
Iron 

Natural 
Iron 

Natural 
Iron 

Natural 
Iron 

35.00 
36.00 
37.00 
38.00 
39.00 

31.15 
32.04 
32.93 
33.82 
34.71 

30.80 
31.68 
32.56 
33.44 
34.32 

30.45 
31.32 
32.19 
33.06 
33.93 

30.10 
30.96 
31.82 
32.68 
33.54 

29.75 
30.60 
31.45 
32.30 
33.15 

29.40 
30.24 
31.08 
31.92 
32.76 

29.05 
29.88 
30.71 
31.54 
32.37 

28.70 
29.52 
30.34 
31.16 
31.98 

28.35 
29.16 
29.97 
30.78 
31.59 

28.00 
28.80 
29.60 
30.40 
31.20 

40.00 
41.00 
42.00 
43.00 
44.00 

35.60 
36.49 
37.38 
38.27 
39.16 

35.20 
36.08 
36.96 
37.84 
38.72 

34.80 
35.67 
36.54 
37.41 
38.28 

34.40 
35.26 
36.12 
36.98 
37.84 

34.00 
34.85 
35.70 
36.55 
37.40 

33.60 
34.44 
35.28 
36.12 
36.96 

33.20 
34.03 
34.86 
35.69 
36  .  52 

32.80 
33.62 
34.44 
35.26 
36.08 

32.40 
33.21 
34.02 
34.83 
35.64 

32.00 
32.80 
33.60 
34.40 
35.20 

45.00 
46.00 
47.00 
48.00 
49.00 

40.05 
40.94 
41.83 
42.72 
43.61 

39.60 
40.48 
41.36 
42.24 
43.12 

39.15 
40.02 
40.89 
41.76 
42.63 

38.70 
39.56 
40.42 
41.28 
42.14 

T38.25 
;39.10 
,39.95 
40.80 
41.65 

37.30 
38.64 
39.48 
40.32 
41.16 

37.35 
38.18 
39.01 
39.84 
40.67 

36.90 
37.72 
38.54 
39.36 
40.18 

36.45 
37.26 
38.07 
38.88 
39.69 

36.00 
36.80 
37.60 
38.40 
39.20 

50.00 
51.00 
52.00 
53.00 
54.00 

44.50 
45.39 

46.28 
47.17 
48.06 

44.00 
44.88 
45.76 
46.64 
47.52 

43.50 
44.37 
45.24 
46.11 
46.98 

43.00 
43.86 
44.72 
45.58 
46.44 

42.50 
43.35 
44.20 
45.05 
45.90 

42.00 
42.84 
43.68 
44.52 
45.36 

41.50 
42.33 
43.16 
43.99 
44.82 

41.00 
41.82 
42.64 
43.46 
44.28 

40.50 
41.31 
42.12 
42.93 
43.74 

40.00 
40.80 
41.60 
42.40 
43.20 

55.00 
56.00 
57.00 
58.00 
59.00 

48.95 
49.84 
50.73 
51.62 
52.51 

48.40 
49.28 
50.16 
51.04 
51.92 

47.85 
48.72 
49.59 
50.46 
51.33 

47.30 
48.16 
49.02 
49.88 
50.74 

46.75 
47.60 
48.45 
49.30 
50.15 

46.20 
47.04 
47.88 
48.72 
49.56 

45.65 
46.48 
47.31 
48.14 
48.97 

45.10 
45.92 
46.74 
47.56 
48.38 

44.55 
45.36 
46.17 
46.98 
47.79 

44.00 
44.80 
45.60 
46.40 
47.20 

60.00 
61.00 
62.00 
63.00 
64.00 

53.40 
54.29 
55.18 
56.07 
56.96 

52.80 
53.68 
54.56 
55.44 
56.32 

52.20 
53.07 
53.94 
54.81 
55.68 

51.60 
52.46 
53.32 
54.18 
55.04 

51.00 
51.85 
52.70 
53.55 
54.40 

50.40 
51.24 
52.08 
52.92 
53.76 

49.80 
50.63 
51.46 
52.29 
53.12 

49.20 
50.02 
50.80 
51.66 

52.48 

48.60 
49.41 
50.22 
51.03 
51.84 

48.00 
48.80 
49.60 
50.40 
51.20 

65.00 
66.00 
67.00 
68.00 

57.85 
58.74 
59.63 
60.52 

57.20 
58.08 
58.  9B 
59.84 

56.55 
57.42 
58.29 
59.16 

55.90 
56.76 
57.62 
58.48 

55.25 
56.10 
56.95 
57.80 

54.60 
55.44 
56.28 
57.12 

53.95 
54.78 
55.61 
56.44 

53.30 
54.12 
54.94 
55.76 

52.65 
53.46 
54.27 
55.08 

52.00 
52.80 
53.60 
54.40 

Factor  .  .  . 

.89 

.88 

.87 

.86 

.85 

.84 

.83 

.82 

.81 

.80 

Multiply  the  per  cent  of  Iron  dried  at  212°  F.  by  the  factor  corresponding 
to  the  per  cent  of  moisture  found  therein.  The  result  is  the  per  cent  of  Natural 
Iron. 

The  above  is  an  abridged  table  and  applies  only  to  the  even  percentages  of 
moisture  and  of  Iron  dried  as  stated.  To  obtain  any  per  cent  or  fraction  thereof: 

Deduct  from  100  the  per  cent  of  moisture  found  in  Natural  Iron  dried  at 
212°  F.  and  multiply  the  remainder,  expressed  decimally,  by  the  per  cent  of  Iron 
dried.  The  result  is  the  per  cent  of  Natural  Iron. 


—19— 


The  Minnesota  Tax  Commission 

and 

Its  Valuation  of  Iron  Ore 

By    Rukard    Hurd 

The  history  of  the  Lake  Superior  Iron  District  would  not  be  complete 
without  referring  to  the  Minnesota  Tax  Commission,  and  the  manner  in 
which  it  has  accomplished  the  arduous  work  of  valuing  for  taxation  purposes 
the  greatest  known  iron  ore  deposit  in  the  world,  of  the  Vermilion  and 
Mesaba  Ranges,  contained  within  the  State  of  Minnesota  and  in  the  counties 
of  St.  Louis  and  Itasca. 

The  Minnesota  Tax  Commission  was  created  by  an  act  of  the  legislature 
approved  April  23,  1907.  On  April  27,  1907,  the  three  commissioners  were  ap- 
pointed by  the  governor  to  serve  for  two,  four  amd  six  year  terms  respectively, 
and  on  that  date  qualified,  organized,  elected  a  secretary  and  were  then  ready 
for  business.  It  is  a  permanent  commission,  in  continuous  session,  has  been 
granted  very  broad  powers,  is  maintained  by  an  annual  appropriation  of  $30,- 
000,  and  obtains  such  additional  extra  appropriation  upon  request  as  it  finds 
necessary  to  facilitate  its  work. 

The  commission  is  in  sole  charge  of  taxation  matters  and  of  tax  officials. 
The  commission  is  practically  a  court  on  taxation,  and  establishes  its  own 
procedure;  it  orders  and  grants  hearings;  considers  and  decides  upon  all 
applications  for  reduction  or  abatement  of  taxes;  prescribes  and  publishes 
taxation  blanks  and  forms;  orders  re-assessments  both  on  its  own  volition 
or  upon  certified  official  requests,  appointing  its  own  special  assessors;  has 
authority  to  call  for  persons  and  papers.  Finally,  the  commission  is  the 
State  Board  of  Equalization. 

Among  the  many  matters  taken  under  immediate  consideration  were: 
1st,  The  determination  of  the  relation  of  the  true  to  the  assessed  value  of 
realty  prevailing  throughout  the  state  by  the  sales  method,  which  resulted 
in  obtaining  for  the  years  1902-1907  inclusive,  a  record  of  53,010  real  estate 
sales  amounting  to  $98,647,719,  the  assessed  valuation  of  which  for  year  of 
transfer  was  $42,892,017;  and 

2d:  The  placing  of  an  ad  valorem  value  on  the  realty  contained  within 
the  so-called  ore  belts  of  the  Vermilion  Range  in  St.  Louis  County,  and  the 
Mesaba  Range  in  St.  Louis  and  Itasca  Counties.* 

The  Mesaba  Range,  after  hasty  and  often  unreliable  and  incomplete  ex- 
ploration, had  only  been  opened  and  shipping  since  1892  For  a  number  of 
years  the  value  of  its  grade  of  iron  ore  had  not  been  fully  commercially  de- 
termined. The  total  tonnage  was  not  known  and  explorations  were  mainly 
incomplete  and  unreliable. 

*From  1881  to  1897  there  was  a  tax  of  one  cent  per  ton  on  shipments. 

—20— 


No  previous  attempt  had  been  made  to  locate  and  assess  tonnage.  Crude 
methods  and  arbitrary  values  were  used,  based  upon  previous  output,  or  ex- 
pected shipments  and  such  fragmentary  information  as  was  available.  The 
1906  realty  assessment  on  the  mines  amounted  to  a  total  of  $64,486,409. 

The  Tax  Commission  decided  to  avoid  arbitrary  methods  and  to  obtain, 
if  possible,  the  necessary  information  on  which  to  base  an  intelligent,  just 
and  equitable  assessment  of  the  mineral  properties. 

On  June  18,  1907,  by  circular  letter,  the  commission  requested  all  owners 
and  operators  of  iron  ore  properties  to  furnish  by  July  15,  1907,  full  informa- 
tion concerning  their  holdings — tonnages  with  average  analyses,  character 
and  structure  of  the  ore,  date  and  term  of  mining  leases  and  amount  of  roy- 
alty, mining  and  other  cost,  average  price  of  their  ore  for  a  term  of  years  at 
Lower  Lake  ports,  etc.,  etc. 

The  commission,  with  its  secretary  and  the  state  inspector  of  mines, 
then  proceeded  upon  a  thorough  investigation  and  inspection  of  the  under- 
ground and  open  pit  mines,  of  prospects  and  of  mineral  lands  on  the  ranges. 
It  became  apparent  that  many  mines  were  operating  under  the  most  favor- 
able conditions  and  shipping  high  grade  ore  at  low  cost,  while  many  other 
mines  had  a  higher  cost  and  lower  grade  of  ore,  and  many  others  were  min- 
ing under  adverse  conditions,  with  excessive  rock,  water,  quicksand  and  a 
low  grade  of  ore.  Many  mines  had  ore  beginning  at  the  surface;  others 
would  have  50  to  100  feet  of  overburden  containing  many  millions  of  cubic 
yards  that  must  be  removed  at  great  cost  prior  to  open  pit  mining;  while 
others,  on  account  of  overburden  could  be  operated  only  as  underground 
mines. 

The  commission  grasped  the  situation  and  evolved  the  unprecedented 
plan  of  placing  an  ad  valorem  value  on  and  taxing  iron  ore  in  the  ground  and 
by  the  ton. 

Taking  the  Hull-Rust  and  the  Mahoning  mines  as  models,  or  standards 
for  the  highest  type  of  mining  of  high  grade  ore  under  the  most  favorable 
conditions  and  at  the  minimum  cost,  by  a  process  of  comparison,  elimination 
and  adjustment,  there  were  created  6  groups  or  classes  of  active  shipping 
mines,  with  differentials  to  cover  the  varying  adverse  conditions  of  each 
class.  The  reserves,  part  of  active  mines,  or  independent  tonnages,  were 
placed  in  3  groups  or  classes,  according  to  their  availability  as  future  active 
mines. 

The  prospects  were  assessed  as  near  as  their  value  could  be  approxi- 
mated according  to  their  surrounding  conditions  and  speculative  value,  on  ac- 
count of  proximity  to  or  possibly  being  part  of  known  ore  bodies,  until  devel- 
opment should  make  a  reclassification  necessary. 

The  mineral  lands  within  the  known  ore  belt  were  similarly  treated, 
their  values  being  gradually  increased  as  they  approached  to  what  seemed 
good  prospects. 

Within  90  days  after  receipt  of  the  tax  commission's  circular  letter, 
mining  companies  and  mineral  owners  generally  complied  with  the  request, 

—21— 


furnishing  data  as  to  mining  cost,  analyses,  prices,  etc.,  and  complete  inven- 
tories of  258  mines  and  reserves,  containing  a  total  of  1,192,509,757  tons  of 
merchantable  iron  ore. 

The  next  step  was  the  classification  of  this  great  tonnage  into  the  6 
groups  of  active  mines  and  the  3  groups  of  reserves. 

Then  was  considered  the  average  price  of  iron  ore  for  a  term  of  years 
at  Lower  Lake  ports,  and  the  costs  of  production  and  delivery,  the  difference 
being  the  full  value  in  Minnesota  of  ore  ready  for  shipment.  Then  followed 
considerations  of  the  term  of  the  lease,  the  average  life  of  the  mine  and  the 
present  or  discounted  value  of  all  the  ore  in  the  mine  or  reserve  on  a  4  per 
cent  annuity  basis.  Then  came  an  investigation  through  every  known  source: 
sales  of  realty,  U.  S.  census,  state  auditor  and  state  board  of  equalization 
reports,  etc.,  of  the  average  per  cent  prevailing  throughout  the  state  of  true 
to  assessed  value  on  all  realty,  and  the  application  of  that  ratio  to  this  min- 
eral realty. 

Proceeding  in  the  above  outlined  manner,  the  Tax  Commission  denned  its 
classification  and  based  the  taxable  value  per  ton  of  ore  in  the  ground  as 
follows : 

CLASSIFICATION  FOR  1907 
ACTIVE    MINES 

Class  1 :  Inexpensive  mining  and  high  grade  ore 32  cents 

Class  2:  Comparatively  inexpensive  mining  and  lower  grade  ore.. 30  cents 

Class  3:  Higher  mining  cost  and  mixed  grade  ore 27  cents 

Class  4 :  Underground,  low  mining  cost  and  high  grade  ore 23  cents 

Class  5:  Underground,  higher  mining  cost  and  medium  grade  ore.  .19  cents 

Class  6:  Underground,  high  mining  cost,  excess  rock  and  water. .  .14  cents 

RESERVES 

Class  1:  Partially  developed  and  stripped,  about  ready  for  ship- 
ping  15  cents 

Class  2 :     Not  stripped  and  not  fully  developed 10  cents 

Class  3 :     Not  stripped  and  only  partially  developed 8  cents 

Prospects,  unexplored  but  located  near  to  developed  tonnages  to  be 
assessed  at  from  $2,000  to  $20,000  per  40-acre  tracts. 

Mineral  lands  unexplored,  but  in  ore  belt,  to  be  assessed  at  from  $3.00 
to  $50.00  per  acre. 

After  due  notice  and  a  public  hearing,  the  Tax  Commission  placed  a  total 
assessed  valuation  of  $186,720,026.00  on  a  total  of  1,192,509,757  tons.  In  addi- 
tion, the  assessed  valuation  on  1858  prospects  and  parcels  of  mineral  lands, 
was  raised  to  $4,986,656.  The  personality  of  the  mining  companies  was 
assessed  and  the  total  was  $4,334,490. 

The  1908  grand  total  assessment  made  by  the  Tax  Commission,  after  due 
notice  and  a  public  hearing,  was  $174,273,632  on  a  total  of  1,193,728,959  tons, 
a  decrease  from  1907  value  of  $12,446,394.  This  decrease  was  caused  by  de- 
ductions for  shipments,  stock  piles  (assessed  as  personal  property)  correc- 
tions of  tonnage  estimates  hastily  prepared  for  the  commission  in  1907,  and 
by  revisions  of  classifications. 

—22— 


In  1909,  there  was  a  further  re-classification  and  the  establishment  of 
rates  for  active  mines,  their  reserves  and  sub-reserves,  to  use  in  determining 
the  assessed  valuation  per  ton  of  iron  ore  in  the  ground,  as  follows: 

CLASSIFICATION   FOR   1909 


Class 

Active  Mines 

Reserves 

Sub-Reserves 

Cents 

Cents 

Cents 

1 

33 

21 

15 

2 

30 

18 

15 

3 

27 

15 

10 

4 

23 

11 

5 

19 

10 

6 

14 

•• 

•• 

8 

And  the  total  assessment  made  by  the  Tax  Commissioii,  after  due  notice 
and  a  public  hearing  was  $199,008,838  on  1,310,190,194  tons. 

In  1910  the  Tax  Commission  made  the  customary  yearly  adjustments;  of 
deductions  for  shipments  and  stock  piles,  of  additions  for  new  tonnages  and 
re^classifications  of  certain  reserves  into  rates  for  active  mines  and  the  Com- 
mission then  ordered  a  general  raise  of  five  (5)  per  cent  on  all  realty  in  the 
townships,  villages  and  cities  (except  the  Village  of  Gilbert  which  had  no 
ore)  contained  withim  the  known  ore  belts  of  the  Vermilion  and  Mesaba 
ranges.  This  action  of  the  Tax  Commission  resulted  in  a  total  assessed  value 
of  $220,423,038  for  1910  upon  a  total  of  1,347,596,291  tons. 

This  general  raise  established  new  rates  for  determining  the  assessed 
valuation  per  ton  of  iron  ore  in  the  ground,  for  the  active  mines,  reserves 
and  sub-reserves.  The  33-cent  class  changed  to  .3465  cents,  the  30-oent  class 
to  .3150  cents,  etc.  The  new  rates  are  as  follows: 

CLASSIFICATION  FOR  1910 


Class 

Active  Mines 

Reserves 

Sub-Reserves 

Cents 

Cents 

Cents 

1 

.3465 

.2205 

.1575 

2 

.3150 

.1890 

.1575 

3 

.2835 

.1575 

.1050 

4 

.2415 

.1155 

5 

.1995 

.1050 

6 

1470 

0840 

Re-classification  and  adjustments  are  necessarily  made  every  year.  From 
the  remaining  tonnage  of  the  previous  year  must  be  deducted  over-estimates 
(subject  to  verification  by  the  mining  engineer  to  the  Tax  Commission),  ship- 
ments and  stock  piles.  New  developed  tonnage  and  increases  in  estimates 
must  be  added  and  rates  must  be  increased  as  properties  pass  from  reserves 
to  active  mines. 

Since  1908,  there  has  been  a  yearly  increase  in  tonnage  notwithstanding 
decreases  by  revised  estimates  and  shipments,  and  there  has  been  a  largely 
increased  yearly  assessed  value. 


—23— 


The  summary  of  the  work  of  the  Tax  Commission  in  assessing  the  min- 
eral properties  of  the  state  in  1907-8-9  and  10,  the  state  board  assessment 
of  1906,  and  the  shipments  of  those  years  are  as  follows: 


Remaining 
Tonnage 
May  1st 

Assessed 
Value 

Minnesota 
Shipmenta 

1906 

$  64  486  409 

25  611  384 

*1907 

1  192  509  757 

186  720  026 

29  180  975 

*1908.    . 

1  193  7°8  959 

174  273  632 

18  098  894 

*1909 

1  310  190  194 

199  008  838 

29*284*496 

*1910  

1  347  596  991 

220  423  038 

30  317  583 

*  Assessed  value  9!  the  remaining  tonnage  only;  the  assessment  of  Personalty,  Prospects  and 
Mineral  Lands  is  not  included. 

The  following  is  a  comparative  statement  of  realty  assessments  on  ton- 
nages, prospects  and  mineral  lands  in  towns,  villages  and  cities  in  the  ore 
belts  of  St.  Louis  and  Itasca  counties: 

State  Board  of  Equalization 1906  $64,486.409 

Minnesota  Tax  Commission 1907  191,706,682 

Minnesota  Tax  Commission 1908  180,210,693 

Minnesota  Tax  Commission 1909  204,526,139 

Minnesota  Tax  Commission 1910  224,669,845 

This  great  work  has  been  accomplished  by  the  Tax  Commission  without 
the  slightest  friction,  without  drastic  measures  of  any  kind  and  apparently 
with,  the  feeling  among  the  operators  that  they  were  being  fairly  treated, 
and  that  they  had  every  opportunity  of  presenting  proof  and  of  being  heard 
at  all  times  on  points  or  questions  at  issue. 

The  estimates  of  the  official  mining  engineer  to  the  Tax  Commission, 
the  School  of  Mines  of  the  University  of  Minnesota,  and  of  its  representative, 
Edward  P.  JMcCarty,  E.  M.,  Professor  of  Mining,  in  verifying  tonnage  esti- 
mates, are  accepted  cheerfully  and  practically  without  question.  They  in- 
spire confidence  and  insure  satisfaction  to  the  operators  and  Tax  Commis- 
sion. 

In  fact,  some  operators  know  through  this  source  for  me  first  time  the 
actual  facts  regarding  their  property. 

The  Cuyuna  Range  is  still  in  its  infancy.  Exploration  work  on  a  large 
scale  has  just  begun.  There  may  be  hundreds  of  millions  of  tons  of  iron  ore 
waiting  development — only  the  expenditure  of  millions  of  dollars  can  deter- 
mine this.  See  special  Cuyuna  Range  report  in  this  manual. 

The  Vermilion  Range  also  may  have  a  new  life  awaiting  it  from  the 
tonnages  yet  undiscovered. 

The  Minnesota  Tax  Commission  has  brought  to  light  vast  tonnages  and 
values.  It  has  assessed  every  tonnage  property  on  its  own  merits  regardless 
of  ownership  and  by  a  method  that  is  fair  to  all  concerned 


—24— 


Net  Values  of  Iron  Ores 

Average  Costs  of  Production,  Administration  and  Transportation 
By  Rukard  Hurd 

As  the  Valley  furnace  price  establishes  the  base  unit  value  and 
determines  the  premium  and  penalty  on  iron  ores,  it  will  be  of  interest 
to  know  how  these  factors  affect  the  net  value  of  iron  ore,  and  if  the 
ratio  of  fair,  remunerative  profit  is  equitably  apportioned  between  mine 
and  furnace. 

To  produce  one  ton  of  pig  iron  at  Pittsburg,  and  worth  there  in  1910 
an  average  of  $17.19   for  Bessemer,   required   about  4,000   Ibs.  of  55%  ore 
(or  4,200  Ibs.  of  51.50%  ore),  2,200  Ibs.  of  coke  and  1,200  Ibs.  of  limestone, 
approximate  cost  of  these  items  is  distributed  as  follows: 
Ore       4,000  Ibs.  at     $5.00  per  ton  $8.93  Freight  ($1.73          Total  $10.66 

Ore       4,200  Ibs    at      4.00  per  .ton    7.50  Freight    1.73          Total      9.23 

Coke     2,200  Ibs.  at       2.10  per  ton     2.31  Freight      .83  Total      3.14 

Lime     1,200  Ibs.  at         .53  per  ton       .28  Freight       .35  Total         .63 

Total  cost  using  $5.00  ore $14.43 

Total  cost  using     4.00  ore 13.00 

The  net  values  per  ton  are  $2.76  and  $4.19,  according  to  the  grade  of 
the  ore  used,  and  they  are  subject  to  a  deduction  for  furnace  operation  and 
administration. 

The  approximate  cost  of  the  items  named  at  the  Valley  furnace  is 
distributed  as  follows: 

Ore       4,000  Ibs.  at    $5.00  (per  tons  $8.93  Freight  $1.14          Total  $10.07 

Ore        4,200  Ibs.  at      4.00  per  ton    7.50  Freight     1.14          Total       8.64 

Coke     2,200  Ibs.  at      2.10  per  ton    2.31  Freight     1.19          Total      3.80 

Lime     1,200  Ibs  at         .44  per  ton       .24  Freight       .19  Total         .43 

Total  cost  using  $5.00  ore .$14.30 

Total  cost  using     4.00  ore 12.87 

pnd  the  net  values  would  be  in  proportion  as  named  from  Pittsburg. 

In  considering  the  average  net  values  of  iron  ores  a  general  average 
of  all  producing  mines  has  been  taken. 

Net  values  here  presented  may  'be  subjected  to  further  revision  for 
carrying  charges  classified  as  follows: 

1.  Diversified  tonnages  needed  for  mixing  and  grading 

2.  Non-profitable,  low-grade  ore  wnich  must  be  mined  and  shipped  as 

encountered 

3.  Reserve  ores  for  distant  future  use 

4.  Protracted  non-working  periods 

5.  Profit  and  loss  items:    (a)     Excessive  water 

(b)  Strikes 

(c)  Fires 

(d)  Accidents 

(e)  Other   contingencies 

(f)  Negative  explorations 

Both  gross  and  net  average  values  have  been  figured  for  the  year 
1910,  and  for  the  19-year  period,  1892-1910,  inclusive.  That  is  from  the  open- 
ing of  the  Mesaba  Range  in  1892  when  all  iron  ranges  were  in  operation. 
As  values  were  more  or  less  unstable  during  the  first  half  of  the  above 
mentioned  period,  and  as  Mesaba  values  had  hardly  been  determined  at  that 
time,  another  comparative  period  of  10  years  (1901-1910)  is  given. 

—25— 


The  general  average  shipments  from  Minnesota  for  1910  approxi- 
mates 58.50%  iron  dried  and  11.96%  moisture,  or  51.55%  natural  iron, 
and  indicates  the  general  lowering  of  grades. 

Values  based  on  55  per  cent  Bessemer  and  51.50  per  cent  non-Bessemer 
are  taken  instead  of  on  general  average  cargo  analyses.  The  latter  could 
be  used  if  the  individual  shipments  of  mine  groups  and  trade  ore  blends 
were  separately  reported. 


Gross  Value 
The  1910  value  per  ton  of  ore  at  lower  lake  ports  is  taken  as  follows: 

Bessemer,  Old  Range — Vermilion $5.00 

Bessemer,  Mesa'ba   4.75 

Non-Bessemer,  Old  Range — Vermilion 4.20 

Non-Bessemer,  Mesaba   4.00 

Cost   Group 

The  following  grouping  has  been  adopted  as  a  basis  for  general  average 
estimate  of  production  and  delivery  at  lower  lake  ports : 

1.  Production:  (a)     Mining  Cost 

(b)  Development 

(c)  Exploration 

(d)  Depreciation 

(e)  Supplies  and  Repairs 

2.  Royalty 

3.  Administration:      (a)  General  Office 

(b)  Profit  and  Loss 

(c)  Commissions 

(d)  Insurance 

(e)  Taxes 

(f)  Miscellaneous 

4.  Transportation:      (a)  Rail 

(b)     Vessel 

Item  1.  Each  mine  has  its  own  special  problem;  extremes  are  often 
encountered.  While  open  pit  mining  is  comparatively  inexpensive,  its  cost 
for  preparatory  stripping  may  largely  counterbalance  underground  mining 
costs.  Taking  into  consideration  these  and  other  conditions,  $1.40  for  the 
Old  Range,  $1.25  for  the  Vermilion  and  70  cents  for  the  Mesaba,  are  adopted 
as  conservative  average  estimates  for  total  production  costs. 

Item  2.  Royalty  is  paid  by  the  operator  and  depends  upon  the  terms 
of  the  lease;  there  is  a  wide  range  in  rates.  The  average  estimate  of  Old 
Range  royalties  is  38  cents,  although  many  old  leases  fall  as  low  as  10 
and  15  cents.  The  Vermilion  royalties  are  based  on  old  leases  and  are 
estimated  at  33  cents.  Old  leases  on  the  Mesaba  Range  call  for  15  to  25 
cents,  but  the  newer  leases  with  very  largely  increased  royalties,  and  a 
tendency  to  excess,  raise  the  present  average  estimate  to  50  cents. 

Item  3.  An  average  estimate  of  20  cents  on  all  ranges  is  made  for 
administration  costs. 

Item  4.  Transportation  rates  are  public  and  fixed.  For  the  Old  Range 
and  the  Vermilion  they  are  here  averaged. 

—26— 


These  items  when  assembled  present  the  following  table: 
GENERAL  AVERAGE  ESTIMATE  COST  TABLE 


Item 

Average  Costs 

Old  Range 

Vermilion 

Mesaba 

1 

Production  

$1.40 

$1.25 

$0.70 

2 

Royalty  

.38 

.33 

.50 

3 

Administration                       

.20 

.20 

.20 

4 

Transportation  : 
Rail                    

.37* 

.97* 

.80 

Vessel                    

.60* 

.70 

.70 

Total  cost  

$2.95 

$3.45 

$2.90 

*  Averaged. 

The  following  tables  show  1910  gross  and  net  values  per  ton  at  Lake 
Erie  for  Bessemer  and  non-Bessemer  Ores,  containing  55  per  cent  and  51.50 
per  cent  natural  iron: 

(a)  VALUES  OF  ORE  CONTAINING  55  PER  CENT  NATURAL  IRON 


1910 

Estimated 

Estimated 

Lake  Erie 

Range 

Grade 

Average 

1910 

Gross  Values 

Cost 

Lake  Erie 

Net  Values 

$5  000 

Old  Range 

Bessemer  

$2.95 

$2.050 

5  000 

Vermilion 

Bessemer  

3.45 

1.550 

4  756 

Mesaba 

Bessemer  

2.90 

1.856 

4.556 

Old  Range  

Non-Bessemer  .  .  . 

2.95 

1.606 

4.556 

Vermilion  

Non-Bessemer  .  .  . 

3.45 

1.106 

4  342 

Mesaba  

Non-Bessemer  .  .  . 

2.90 

1.442 

(b)   VALUES  OF  ORE  CONTAINING  51.50  PER  CENT  NATURAL  IRON 


1910 
Lake  Erie 
Gross  Values 

Range 

Grade 

Estimated 
Average 
Cost 

Estimated 
1910 
Lake  Erie 
Net  Values 

$4  643 

Old  Range 

Bessemer  

$2.95 

$1.693 

4  643 

Vermilion 

Bessemer  

3.45 

1.193 

4  409 

Mesaba  . 

Bessemer  

2.90 

1.509 

4  200 

Old  Range  

Non-Bessemer  .  .  . 

2.95 

1.250 

4.200 

Vermilion  

Non-Bessemer  .  .  . 

3.45 

.750 

4.000 

Mesaba  

Non-Bessemer  .  .  . 

2.90 

1.100 

The  1910  values  are  given  to  illustrate  how  the  1911  lowering  of  prices 
50  cents  per  ton  on  all  grades  affects  profits  or  net  values. 

—27— 


Referring  to  the  Table  of  Pri-ces  or  Ore  from  1855  to  1910,  on  page  52, 
assuming  that  such  prices  are  equivalent  to  prices  on  present  (base  grades, 
deducting  the  foregoing  total  average  costs  from  the  gross  value  per  ton 
from  each  range  we  have  Table  No.  1: 

COMPARATIVE  TABLE  NO.   1. 


General  Average 
Gross  Values 

Range 

Grade 

General  Average 
Net  Values 

1910 

10  Year 
Period 

19  Year 
Period 

1910 

10  Year 
Period 

19  Year 
Period 

$5.00 
5.00 
4.75 
4.20 
4.20 
4.00 

$4.32 
4.32 
3.90 
3.53 
3.53 
3.27 

$3.95 
3.95 
3.39 
3.16 
3.16 
2.75 

Old  Range.. 
Vermilion  
Mesaba  
Old  Range.. 
Vermilion  
Mesaba  

Bessemer  
Bessemer  
Bessemer  

$2.05 
1.55 
1.85 
1.25 
.75 
1.10 

$  1.37 
.87 
1.00 
.58 
.08 
.37 

$1.00 
.50 
.49 
.21 
—.29 
—.15 

Non-Bessemer 
Non-Bessemer 
Non-Bessemer 

It  may  be  claimed  that  the  total  costs  for  each  range  shown  in  the 
General  Average  Cost  Table  are  excessive  by  50  cents  per  ton  for  the  19 
year  period  and  by  25  cents  for  the  10  year  period,  and  that  production  and 
royalty  costs  have  largely  increased  only  during  recent  years.  If  so,  such 
conditions  are  covered  in  Table  No.  2: 

COMPARATIVE  TABLE  NO.  2. 


General  Average 

General  Average 

Gross  Values 

Net  Values 

Range 

Grade 

10  Year 

19  Year 

10  Year 

19  Year 

1910 

Period 

Period 

1910 

Period 

Period 

$5.00 

$4.32 

$3.95 

Old  Range.. 

Bessemer  

$2.05 

$1.62 

$1.50 

5.00 

4.32 

3.95 

Vermilion..  . 

Bessemer  .  . 

1.55 

1.12 

1.00 

4.75 

3.90 

3.39 

Mesaba  

Bessemer  

1.85 

1.25 

.99 

4.20 

3.53 

3.16 

Old  Range.. 

Non-Bessemer 

1.25 

.83 

.71 

4.20 

3.53 

3.16 

Vermilion..  . 

Non-Bessemer 

.75 

.33 

.21 

4.00 

3.27 

2.75 

Mesaba  

Non-Bessemer 

1.10 

.62 

.35 

It  can  be  readily  seen  from  these  fixed  cost  charges  and  fluctuations 
that  lowering  prices,  bad  management,  great  disaster,  financial  distress 
or  general  adverse  conditions  may  destroy  profit  and  create  loss. 

The  need  of  a  re-classification  of  certain  grades  and  prices  is  apparent. 
Normal  conditions  should  prevail  between  ore  and  iron,  mine  and  furnace, 
and  prices  should  move  in  harmony  and  practically  along  parallel  lines. 


—28— 


Present  Value  of  Iron  Ore  Royalties 

Of  Mineral  Leases  Containing  Merchantable  Tonnage 

By  Rukard  Hurd 
Newly  Created  Wealth  Through  Mineral  Value 

The  recent  development  of  vast  tonnages  of  iron  ore  in  what  has  been 
considered  a  wilderness  of  rock  and  swamp,  without  timber  and  useless  for 
agriculture  and  known  as  "mineral  lands"  or  "wild  lands,"  having  previously 
only  a  nominal,  speculative  or  prospective  value,  has  brought  to  life  practi- 
cally a  new  form  of  value:  that  of  the  present  worth  to  the  fee  owner  of  the 
loyalty  on  the  ore  therein  covered  by  a  mineral  lease. 

More  and  more  must  this  element  of  value  be  reckoned  with;  by  the  state 
in  the  enforcement  of  the  inheritance  taxes,  by  probate  courts  in  the  admin- 
istration of  estates,  and  by  other  courts  in  adjudication  and  in>  proceed- 
ings of  receiverships,  trusts,  bankruptcy,  etc.,  where  mineral  rights  are 
involved.  Newly  developed  wealth  usually  entails  litigation  as  to  ownership 
and  value. 

Extent  of  Capital  and  Diversity  of  Ownership 

To  respond  to  furnace  demands  for  tonnages  of  every  possible  grade, 
physical  characteristics  and  structure,  and  to  obtain  even  a  reasonable  profit, 
mining  operations  must  be  conducted  on  a  very  extensive  scale,  Operation, 
equipment,  supplies,  wages,  carrying  charges,  etc.,  require  an  enormous 
working  capital.  Therefore  very  few  active  mines  or  reserves  containing  de- 
veloped tonnages  of  iron  ore  are  owned  in  fee  by  the  operating  company.  This 
would  require  an  investment  of  capital  as  vast  in  proportion  as  is  the  developed 
tonnage,  and  in  amount  almost  beyond  comprehension.  The  Vermilion  and 
Mesaba  Ranges  alone  have  a  total  of  nearly  1,400,000,000  tons  of  merchan- 
table iron  ore  assessed  at  $225,000,000,  the  full  value  of  which  approximates 
$562,000,000.  These  mines  and  reserves  have  a  very  large,  widely  scattered 
ownership,  resident  and  non-resident.  The  known  tonnage  on  the  Mesaba 
Range  is  contained  within  some  35,000  acres.  There  is  an  equal  or  perhaps 
larger  acreage  within  the  so-called  Mesaba  "ore  belt"  either  unexplored,  or 
explored  and  found  barren  of  iron  ore,  or  located  as  to  almost  certainly  con- 
tain no  ore. 

Mineral  Leases 

From  the  diversified  fee  ownerships  the  mine  operators  have  from  time 
to  time  secured,  ordinarily  upon  a  small  payment,  what  is  known  as  a 
"mining  option"  or  the  right  to  explore,  and  to  obtain  a  lease  with  the 
privilege  of  mining  the  ore.  These  leases  are  made  for  a  period  usually  of 
fifty  (50)  years,  and  the  amount  of  royalty  to  be  paid  the  fee  owner  for  each 
ton  of  ore  mined  and  shipped  is  stated  therein.  The  lease  also  provides 
for  an  annual  minimum  payment  in  quarterly  installments,  being  advance 
payments  on  account,  and  a  charge  against  the  maximum  royalty  on  the  ore 
as  mined.  Such  minimum  payment  is  made  quarterly  to  the  fee  owner 
whether  ore  is  mined  or  not.  It  is  practically  a  guaranteed  annual  income, 
rental  or  annuity. 

As  a  rule  these  leases  are  executed  when  the  explorations  and  drillings 
seem  to  demonstrate  that  a  sufficient  tonnage  will  be  developed  to  justify 

—29— 


an  agreed  minimum  payment  based  upon  an  estimate  of  expected  minimum 
shipments.  Complete  explorations  follow  in  due  time  and  the  full  extent, 
quantity  and  quality  of  the  ore  body  is  determined.  The  fee  owner  receives 
regular  reports  of  the  explorations  and  mining.  Occasionally  leases  may 
contain  modifications,  such  as  a  sliding  scale  of  royalty  or  an  increased 
royalty  for  increase  in  metallic  content. 

All  leases  may  be  surrendered  by  the  lessee  upon  giving  stipulated 
notice,  usually  ninety  (90)  days,  in  which  event  he  loses  all  advance  made 
on  account  of  annual  minimum  payments.  Under  all  mineral  leases  the 
operating  company  pays  all  taxes  and  assessments. 

Valuation  of  Developed  Leases 

The  minimum  annual  payment  is  a  purely  estimated,  arbitrary  amount 
and  regular  royalties  range  from  ten  cents  (lOc)  to  one  dollar  and  ten  cents 
($1.10),  and  even  more,  per  ton.  There  is  no  uniformity  in  rates.  Each 
lease  must  be  valued  according  to  its  terms  and  own  merits. 

On  mines  or  reserves  that  have  been  thoroughly  explored  and  where  thp 
tonnage  is  developed  and  the  amount  and  grade  of  merchantable  ore  is 
known,  a  simple  but  accurate  method  of  determining  the  present  or  dis- 
counted value  of  the  total  royalty  of  a  mineral  lease  is  herewith  presented. 

The  Determining  Valuation  Factors 

1.  Unexpired  period  of  the  lease 

2.  Amount  of  merchantable  tonnage  subject  to  royalty 

3.  Total  value  of  the  same  calculated  by  the  royalty  rate  per  ton 

4.  Amount  of  the  annual  minimum  payment  or  annuity,  on  esti- 
mated tonnage 

5.  Amount  of  an  annual  minimum  payment  or  annuity  on  actual 
tonnage 

6.  "Life  of  mine,"  the  term  required  to  mine  out  the  total  tonnage 

7.  Present  value  of  one  dollar,  per  annum,  payable  quarterly 

RULE    FOR    DETERMINATION    OF    PRESENT   VALUE    OF    ROYALTIES 

Total   Royalty 

Multiply  the  tonnage  (reduced  by  the  equivalent  due  by  reason  of  any 
overpayment  of  annual  minimum  advanced)  by  the  amount  of  royalty  per 
ton.  The  result  is  the  total  royalty  which  the  fee  owner  will  ultimately  re- 
ceive, and  it  will  be  paid  in,  approximately,  quarterly  installments. 

Life  of  the   Mine 

Divide  the  total  royalty,  as  ascertained,  by  the  amount  of  the  annual 
minimum  payment.  The  result  is  the  "life  of  the  mine;"  that  is,  the  annuity 
paying  period,  or  the  number  of  years  required  to  exhaust  the  ore.  Provided, 
however,  that  if  this  period  as  calculated  extends  beyond  the  lease,  then  the 
tin-expired  term  oTthe  lease  should  be  arbitrarily  considered  as  the  "life  cf 
the  mine."  It  is«  safe  to  assume  that  the  operator  will  exhaust  the  ore 
during  the  life  of  the  lease. 

Present  Value  of  the  Royalty 

A — Where  total  royalty  does  not  exceed  total  of  guaranteed  annual  minimum 

payments 

Multiply  the  annual  minimum  payment,  payable  quarterly,  by  the  present 
value  of  one  dollar  per  annum,  payable  quarterly,  at  the  assumed  rate  of 
interest  and  for  the  number  of  years  determined  as  the  life  of  the  mine. 
The  result  is  the  present  royalty  value  of  the  lease. 

—30—       ' 


B — Where  total  royalty  exceeds  total  of  guaranteed  annual  minimum  pay- 
ments 

Divide  the  total  royalty  by  the  unexpired  term  of  the  lease.  The 
amount  is  the  adjusted  approximate  annual  minimum  which  will  he  paid. 
Multiply  this  annual  minimum  payment  by  the  present  value  of  one  dollar 
per  annum,  payable  quarterly,  at  the  assumed  rate  of  interest  and  for 
the  number  of  years  of  the  unexpired  term  of  the  lease.  The  result  is  the 
present  royalty  value  of  the  lease. 

This  method  is  a  practical  approximation  for  finding  the  true  present 
value  of  the  excess  of  developed  tonnage  over  the  assumed  minimum.  It 
will  be  specially  noted  that  no  general  rule  can  be  laid  down  when  determin- 
ing factors  have  yearly  variations. 

Attention  is  again  called  to  the  assumption  that  the  ore  will  be  ex- 
hausted before  the  expiration  of  the  lease. 

Illustration  for  A 

Term  of  lease  50  years 

Unexpired  term  of  lease  30  years 

Royalty  per  ton  25  cents 

Complete  explorations  develop  as  remaining  2,000,000  tons 

Total  royalty  at  25c  per  ton,  =  $500,000 

Life  of  the  mine,  $500,000  -f-  $20,000  —  25  years 

Guaranteed  annual  minimum  payments  $20,000  x  25  =  $500,000. 

[At     7%)  f $239. 104 

Present  Value     At     8%       $20,000    per    year,    payable    quarterly,    J    219.796 
Present  Value  <At    g%  for  25  Years  1   202.962 

(At  10%  j  i  188.210 


Illustration  for  B 
Term  of  lease  50  years 
Unexpired  term  of  lease  30  years 
Royalty  per  ton  25  cents 

Complete  explorations  develop  as  remaining  4,000,000  tons 
Total  royalty  at  25c  per  ton,  =  $1,000,000 

Life  of  the  mine,  the  unexpired  term  of  the  lease  =  30  years 
Guaranteed  annual  minimum  payments  $20,000  x  30  z=  $600,000 
Excess  of  total  royalty  over  annual  minimum  value  $1,000,000  —  $600,000  = 

$400,000 
Adjusted  approximate  annual  minimum  payment,  $1,000,000-^-30  =  $33,333 


fAt     7%1  f  $424.  332 

Present  Value   At     8%  $33'333     Per    vear>    Payable    quarterly      J    386.329 

rrebent  value  ^At     g%  f  for  30  years.                                1353.803 

[At  10%J  I  325.773 


DETERMINING   INTEREST  RATE  AND  FACTORS 

While  under  the  conditions  named  the  security  of  the  investment  is 
unquestioned,  for  calculating  present  value  the  determining  interest  rate 
depends  upon  a  number  of  factors,  such  as: 

1.  Average  worth  of  money  at  the  given  time  and  interest  rate  ex- 
pected for  a  long  time  investment. 

—31— 


2.  Fluctuating  yearly  income  as  the  property  passes  back  and  forth 
from  shipping  and  non-shipping  stages,  from  large  royalty  income  on  ship- 
ments one  year  to  minimum  annual  payments  when  not  operating. 

3.  Quality  of  the  ore  and  availability  for  furnace  demands. 

4.  Amount  of  the  tonnage  and  the  time  required  under  normal  mining 
conditions  to  exhaust  the  ore. 

5.  Character  and  standing  of  the  lessee,  and  his  ability  to  meet  the 
terms  of  the  lease. 

6.  Possibility  of  a  surrender  of  the  lease,  depending  upon  whether  the 
ore  is  good  or  lean,  monetary  situation  and  the  financial  condition  of  the 
lessee. 

Under  all  these  conditions  such  an  investment  demands  and  is  en- 
titled to  a  high  rate  of  interest,  even  greater  than  a  highest  grade  pre- 
ferred stock  or  bond  security  would  yield.  Capitalists  would  not  entertain 
the  purchase  of  such  a  proposition  at  ordinary  rates  of  5,  6  or  even  7%. 
While  10%  seems  to  be  the  customary  prevailing  interest  rate,  it  would 
appear  that  8%  to  10%  should  be  now  used  in  calculating  the  present  value 
of  iron  ore  royalties,  that  is,  the  investment  required  to  purchase  the 
royalty  rights  of  a  mineral  lease  containing  known,  developed  tonnage  of 
merchantable  iron  ore. 

Royalty  only  Basis  of  Value 

It  will  be  observed  that  the  assessed  or  full  value  or  market  price  of 
the  tonnage  is  not  and  should  not  be  considered.  That  concerns  only  the 
operating  company  and  the  tax  officials.  That  value  has  gone  beyond  the 
control  of  the  fee  owner  with  the  lease;  his  value  is  in  the  royalty  alone. 

Valuation  of  Undeveloped   Leases 

On  leases  of  properties  not  developed,  or  only  partially  developed,  or 
containing  present  non-merchantable  ore,  or  where  in  underground  mines 
an  estimate  of  total  tonnage  is  impossible,  any  appraisement  of  royalty 
value  ibecomes  a  matter  of  judgment  of  experts  familiar  with  mining  and 
geological  conditions. 

Accuracy   of    Information 

As  has  been  previously  stated  in  this  manual,  the  exploration  is  now 
so  thorough  that  the  outlining  of  the  ore  bodies  and  the  securing  of  accurate 
Information  to  obtain  correct  estimates  of  the  amount  of  tonnage  and  its 
grade  especially  on  the  Mesaba  Range,  is  now  practically  a  known  quantity. 
To  a  certain  extent  this  holds  true  of  many  underground  mines  on  other 
ranges.  Where  formeily  their  ore  bodies  could  be  followed,  blocked  out  and 
their  tonnages  known  for  only  a  year  or  two  ahead,  modern  drilling  methods 
now  disclose  the  geological  formation  and  determine  the  character  and 
extent  of  the  ore  body. 

Tables  of  Present  Values 

For  convenient  reference  in  connection  with  this  subject  standard  tables 
of  present  values,  quarterly  and  annual,  are  embodied  with  and  follow  this 
article. 

—32— 


Of  THE 

UNIVERSITY 

OF 


PRESENT  VALUE   OF   ONE   DOLLAR    PER   ANNUM 

PAYABLE  QUARTERLY 
At  the   End   of   Each   Quarter 

Due  in  any  Number  of  Years  from  1  to  50,  inclusive 
Specially  Compiled   by  Rukard   Hurd  for  this  Manual 


Years 

5  per  cent 

6  per  cent 

7  per  cent 

8  per  cent 

9  per  cent 

10  per  cent 

1 

0.9701 

0.9643 

.9587 

.9532 

.9478 

.9425 

2 

1.8939 

1.8740 

1.8547 

1.8359 

1.8174 

1.7992 

3 

2.7738 

2.7322 

2.6922 

2.6531 

2.6151 

2.5782 

4 

3.6119 

3.5419 

3.4748 

3.4098 

3.3470 

3.2863 

5 

4.4099 

4.3057 

4.2063 

4.1105 

4.0186 

3.9301 

6 

5.1700 

5.0262 

4.8898 

4.7593 

4.6345 

4.5153 

7 

5.8939 

5.7061 

5.5287 

5.3600 

5.1998 

5.0473 

8 

6.5834 

6.3474 

6.1258 

5.9162 

5.7182 

5.5309 

9 

7.2398 

6.9524 

6.6838 

6.4312 

6.1938 

5.9706 

10 

7.8652 

7.5231 

7.2053 

6-9081 

6.6304 

6.3704 

11 

8.4607 

8.0616 

7.6927 

7.3497 

7.0307 

6.7338 

12 

9,0280 

8.5695 

8.1482 

7.7585 

7.3980 

7.0641 

13 

9.5682 

9.0488 

8.5740 

8.1370 

7.7350 

7.3644 

14 

10.0825 

9.5009 

8.9718 

8.4875 

8.0442 

7.6374 

15 

10.5725 

9.9273 

9.3436 

8.8121 

8.3278 

7.8856 

16 

11.0391 

10.3298 

9.6910 

9.1126 

8.5881 

8.1112 

17 

11.4836 

10.7094 

10.0158 

9.3908 

8.8267 

8.3164 

18 

11.9068 

11.0675 

10.3194 

9.6485 

9.0457 

8.5028 

19 

12.3098 

11.4053 

10.6031 

9.8870 

9.2467 

8.6723 

20 

12.6937 

11.7240 

10.8681 

10.1078 

9.4310 

8.8264 

21 

13.0594 

12.0247 

11.1159 

10.3124 

9.6001 

8.9665 

22 

13.4075 

12.3084 

11.3474 

10.5082 

9.7553 

9.0938 

23 

13.7382 

125.760 

11.5639 

10.6772 

9.8977 

9.2096 

24 

14.0550 

12.8284 

11.7661 

10.8395 

10.0283 

9.3148 

25 

14.3557 

13.0666 

11.9552 

10.9898 

10.1481 

9.4105 

26 

14.6423 

13.2913 

12.1318 

11.1290 

10.2580 

9.4975 

27 

14.9150 

13.5031 

12.2969 

11.2579 

10.3589 

9.5766 

28 

15.1749 

13.7032 

12.4512 

11.3772 

10.4513 

9.6486 

29 

15.4224 

13.8918 

12.5954 

11.4877 

10.5363 

9.7139 

30 

15.6581 

14.0697 

12.7301 

11.5900 

10.6142 

9.7733 

31 

15.8825 

14.2377 

12.8561 

11.6848 

10.6855 

9.8273 

32 

16.0963 

14.3960 

12.9739 

11.7725 

10.7510 

9.8765 

33 

16.2998 

14.5454 

13.0838 

11.8537 

10.8112 

9.9210 

34 

16.4937 

14.6864 

13.1866 

11.9288 

10.8663 

9.9617 

35 

16.6784 

14.8194 

13.2828 

11.9985 

10.9170 

9.9986 

36 

16.8543 

14.9449 

13.3725 

12.0630 

10.9635 

10.0321 

37 

17.0218 

15.0633 

13.4564 

12.1227 

11.0060 

10.0626 

38 

17.1813 

15.1749 

13.5349 

12.1780 

11.0451 

10.0903 

39 

17.3332 

15.2803 

13.6082 

12.2292 

11.0809 

10.1155 

40 

17.4779 

15.3796 

13.6767 

12.2765 

11.1139 

10.1384 

41 

17.6157 

15.4733 

13.7407 

12.3204 

11.1441 

10.1592 

42 

17.7469 

15.5618 

13.8005 

12.3610 

11.1717 

10.1781 

43 

17.8719 

15.6453 

13.8565 

12.3986 

11.1972 

10.1954 

44 

17.9909 

15.7240 

13.9088 

12.4335 

11.2204 

10.2110 

45 

18.1043 

15.7982 

13.9576 

12.4657 

11.2418 

10.2252 

46 

47 

18.2123 

15.8683 

14.0032 

12.4956 

11.2614 

10.2382 

48 

18.3141 

15.9343 

14.0459 

12.5233 

11.2794 

10.2499 

49 

18.4131 

15.9967 

14.0858 

12.5488 

11.2959 

10.2606 

50 

18.5062 

16.0556 

14.1231 

12.5726 

11.3110 

10.2703 

18.5951 

16.1111 

14.1578 

12.5945 

11.3250 

10.2791 

—33— 


PRESENT  VALUE   OF   ONE   DOLLAR    PER    ANNUM. 


PAYABLE  ANNUALLY 

At  the  End  of  Each  Year 

Due  in  any   Number  of  Years  from  1  to  50,  inclusive 


Years 

5  per  cent 

6  per  cent 

7  per  cent 

8  per  cent 

9  per  cent 

10  per.cent 

1 

0.9524 

0.9434 

.9346 

.9259 

.9174 

.9091 

2 

1.8594 

1.8334 

1.8080 

1.7833 

1.7591 

1.7355 

3 

2.7232 

2.6730 

2.6243 

2.5771 

2.5313 

2.4869 

4 

3.5460 

3.4651 

3.3872 

3.3121 

3.2397 

3.1699 

5 

4.3295 

4.2124 

4.1002 

3.9927 

3.8897 

3.7908 

6 

5.0757 

4.9173 

4.7665 

4.6229 

4.4859 

4.3553 

7 

5.7864 

5.5824 

5.3893 

5.2064 

5.0330 

4.8684 

8 

6.4632 

6.2098 

5.9713 

5.7466 

5.5348 

5.3349 

9 

7.1078 

6.8017 

6.5152 

6.2469 

5.9952 

5.7590 

10 

7.7217 

7.3601 

7.0236 

6.7101 

6.4177 

6.1446 

11 

8.3064 

7.8869 

7.4987 

7.1390 

6.8052 

6.4951 

12 

8,8633 

8.3838 

7.9427 

7.5361 

7.1607 

6.8137 

13 

9.3936 

8.8527 

8.3577 

7.9038 

7.4869 

7.1034 

14 

9.8986 

9.2950 

8.7455 

8.2442 

7.7862 

7.3667 

15 

10.3797 

9.7122 

9.1079 

8.5595 

8.0607 

7.6061 

16 

10.8378 

10.1059 

9.4466 

8.8514 

8.3126 

7.8237 

17 

11.2741 

10.4773 

9.7632 

9.1216 

8.5436 

8.0216 

18 

11.6896 

10.8276 

10.0591 

9.3719 

8.7556 

8.2014 

19 

12.0853 

11.1581 

10.3356 

9.6036 

8.9501 

8.3649 

20 

12'.4622 

11.4699 

10.5940 

9.8181 

9.1285 

8.5136 

21 

12.8212 

11.7641 

10.8355 

10.0168 

9.2922 

8.6487 

22 

13.1630 

12.0416 

11.0612 

10.2007 

9.4424 

8.7715 

23 

13.4886 

12.3034 

11.2722 

10.3711 

9.5802 

8.8832 

24 

13.7986 

12.5504 

11.4693 

10.5288 

9.7066 

8.9847 

25 

14.0939 

12.7834 

11.6536 

10.6748 

9.8226 

9.0770 

26 

14.3752 

13.0032 

11.8258 

10.8100 

9.9200 

9.1609 

27 

14.6430 

13.2105 

11.9867 

10.9352 

10.0266 

9.2372 

28 

14.8981 

13.4062 

12.1371 

11.0511 

10.1161 

9.3066 

29  . 

15.1411 

13.5907 

12.2777 

11.1584 

10.1983 

9.3696 

30 

15.3725 

13.7648 

12.4090 

11.2578 

10.2737 

9.4269 

31 

15.5928 

13.9291 

12.5318 

11.3498 

10.3498 

9.4790 

32 

15.8027 

14.0840 

12.6466 

11.4350 

10.4062 

9.5264 

33 

16.0025 

14.2302 

12.7538 

11.5139 

10.4644 

9.5694 

34 

16.1929 

14.3681 

12.8540 

11.5869 

10.5178 

9.6086 

35 

16.3742 

14.4982 

12.9477 

11.6546 

10.5668 

9.6442 

36 

16.5469 

14.6210 

13.0352 

11.7172 

10.6118 

9.6765 

37 

16.7113 

14.7368 

13.1170 

11.7752 

10.6530 

9.7059 

38 

16.8679 

14.8460 

13.1935 

11.8289 

10.6908 

9.7327 

39 

17.0170 

14.9491 

13.2649 

11.8786 

10.7255 

9.7570 

40 

17.1591 

15.0463 

13.3317 

11.9246 

10.7574 

9.7791 

41 

17.2944 

15.1380 

13.3941 

11.9672 

10.7866 

9.7991 

42 

17.4232 

15.2245 

13.4524 

12.0067 

10.8134 

9.8174 

43 

17.5459 

15.3062 

13.5070 

12.0432 

10.8380 

9.8340 

44 

17.6628 

15.3832 

13.5579 

12.0771 

10.8605 

9.8491 

45 

17.7741 

15.4558 

13.6055 

12.1084 

10.8812 

9.8628 

46 

17.8801 

15.5244 

13.6500 

12.1374 

10.9002 

9.8753 

47 

17.9801 

15.5890 

13.6916 

12.1643 

10.9176 

9.8866 

48 

18.0772 

15.6500 

13.7305 

12.1891 

10.9336 

9.8969 

49 

18.1687 

15.7076 

13.7668 

12.2122 

10.9482 

9.9063 

50 

18.2559 

15.7619 

13.8007 

12.2335 

10.9617 

9.9148 

—34- 


Prospecting,  Mining  and  Ore  Estimating 
Methods  in  Minnesota 

With  Special  Reports  on  the 
Western  Mesaba  and  Cuyuna  Ranges 

A  Reprint  from  the  Second  Biennial  Report,  1910,  of  the 
Minnesota  Tax  Commission 


PROSPECTING   FOR   IRON   ORE 

In  metal  mine  prospecting  the  percussion  drill  is  largely  used  for  iron, 
zinc,  lead,  gypsum  and  coal  worK. 

The  churn  drill  or  form  of  percussion  drill  as  used  on  the  Mesaba 
Iron  Range  consists  of  a  chisel  drill  on  an  extensible  hollow  rod.  This 
rod  is  attached  by  a  flexible  coupling  to  a  pump  which  forces  a  stream  of 
water  into  the  hole  and  out  of  perforations  near  the  attachment  to  the 
bit.  This  water  returns  inside  the  casing,  which  is  an  ordinary  pipe,  3 
inches  in  diameter  when  in  surface  material  and  2  inches  in  rock  and  ore. 
The  drill  is  manipulated  by  a  rope  passing  several  times  over  a  drum  driven 
by  a  6  to  8  horsepower  oscillating  engine,  and  the  "jerk"  is  given  by  a  man 
tightening  or  slacking  the  rope  coil.  The  drill  is  rotated  by  hand,  the  driller 
standing  on  a  platform  built  in  the  tripod.  When  boulders  are  encountered 
they  are  blasted  out  with  dyanmite.  A  churn  drill  outfit,  boiler  and  all, 
costs  from  $1,000  to  $2,000. 

When  taconite  or  hard  slate  is  struck  the  churn  drill  has  to  be  aban- 
doned and  the  diamond  drill  is  used  until  it  passes  through  the  taconite 
into  the  ore.  It  is  customary  to  blast  out  the  hole  and  force  the  casing 
down  and  then  resume  drilling  with  the  churn  drill.  This  blasting  is  done 
by  suspending  in  the  hole  two  or  more  sticks  of  dynamite  and  firing  them 
with  a  battery.  The  casing,  which  had  been  partly  pulled  out,  is  then  forced 
down  with  a  drive  weight,  and  the  churn  drill  inside  chops  out  the  hole 
until  the  casing  can  follow  to  the  bottom  of  the  hole.  A  churn  drill  will 
make  from  5  to  25  feet  a  day  in  a  formation  in  which  it  can  be  used  at  all. 
Three  men  are  required  to  run  it.  Wood  and  water  hauling  may  run  up 
expenses — sometimes  requiring  a  team  for  each. 

The  surface  indications  of  iron  are  meager  and  not  very  reliable.  Some 
of  the  explorations  have  taken  into  account  the  topographical  features  of 
the  district,  and  the  theoretical  geological  conditions,  but  generally  a  tract 
located  on  or  in  the  vicinity  of  the  ranges  is  selected  and  drilled  without 
regard  to  indications  on  the  surface.  The  unit  of  explorations  is  forty 
acres,  and  this  is  called  locally  a  "forty."  The  federal  mining  laws  do  not 
apply  in  Minnesota  so  the  property  is  included  in  the  vertical  boundaries 
of  the  tract.  The  usual  test  for  a  forty-acre  tract  is  to  put  five  holes — 
one  in  the  center  and  four  300  feet  toward  the  center  from  each  corner. 
However,  drilling  five  holes  is  not  considered  a  final  test. 

In  proving  up  an  ore  body  or  testing  completely,  the  practice  is  to  divide 
the  property  into  squares  of  300  feet  each,  commencing  100  feet  inside  of 

—35— 


the  forty  line,  and  drilling  on  the  intersections.  The  Oliver  Iron  Mining 
Company  ignores  the  survey  lines,  which  are  very  irregular;  they  tie  the 
tract  to  some  surveyed  property  and  lay  it  off  in  squares  of  100  feet  each. 
Drill  holes  are  then  sunk  on  each  second  and  third  intersection  accord- 
ing to  the  purposes  of  the  test  and  the  intersections  are  taken  alternately  so 
as  to  leave  the  smallest  possible  radius  of  undrilled  land.  Sometimes,  in 
drilling  for  development,  it  is  necessary  to  put  holes  in  at  closer  intervals; 
especially  where  the  work  is  along  the  edge  of  an  irregular  deposit.  The  ore 
bodies  do  not  always  taper  out. 

Most  of  the  drilling  is  done  by  contract.  The  usual  contract  price  is 
$3.00  per  foot  for  churn  drill  and  $6.00  per  foot  for  diamond  drill  work.  In 
some  cases  the  diamond  drill  work  costs  more.  Considerable  test  pitting 
is  done  ?.t  the  surface  at  a  cost  of  $1.60  to  $2.00  per  foot,  a  ten  cent  increase 
for  each  10  feet  after  the  first  20  feet  being  customary.  Daily  reports  of 
the  work  are  made  to  the  contractor  and  frequent  reports  to  the  parties 
interested.  Samples  are  taken  every  5  feet,  and  wherever  the  formation 
changes,  these  samples  are  usually  analyzed  for  iron,  phosphorus,  mangan- 
ese and  silica.  The  drill  results  are  platted  showing  the  location  and  the 
record  of  the  holes.  These  reports  are  signed  and  dated  and  are  considered 
reliable  data  as  to  the  property.  The  contractors  are  well  known  and 
responsible,  and  misleading  or  false  reports  are  rare. 

The  drill  holes  vary  much  in  depth  in  different  districts;  near  Hibbing 
one  hole  is  over  350  feet  in  ore.  It  is  a  rule  when  ore  is  found  to  go  through 
it.  If  quartzite  is  found  this  is  taken  as  final,  but  most  of  the  ore  bodies 
are  bottomed  in  taconite  and  sometimes  the  drill  will  go  through  a  bed  of 
ore  into  a  taconite  layer  and  then  again  into  ore.  It  is  generally  believed 
that  much  ore  exists  below  the  present  bottom.  The  old  rule  was  to  stop 
when  taconite  was  found,  but  some  of  the  best  ore  bodies  are  found  to  be 
below  the  taconite.  Usually  these  are  the  extensions  of  ore  bodies  which 
outcrop  to  the  north.  In  some  parts  of  the  range  the  finding  of  taconite 
under  the  surface  is  considered  a  good  indication  of  an  ore  body  beneath. 

In  seme  of  the  mines  jumper  drills  worked  by  man  power  are  used  to 
check  the  grade  of  the  ore  or  do  surface  work.  The  Mahoning  mine  sunk 
numerous  test  pits  in  the  ore  body  to  determine  the  character  and  grade 
in  advance  of  mining.  Much  test  pitting  and  drilling  is  now  done  before 
any  property  is  considered  sufficiently  well  known  to  permit  planning  its 
mining. 

The  cost  of  the  diamond  drill  outfits  in  use  is  from  $2,500  to  $4,000; 
the  shallow  nature  of  the  work  permitting  a  comparatively  cheap  equip- 
ment. 

Prospecting  on  the  Vermilion  range  is  generally  done  with  a  diamond 
drill,  followed  up  by  the  sinking  of  shafts  and  the  driving  of  drifts  after 
the  ledge  has  been  struck.  On  the  Cuyuna  range  churn  and  diamond  drills 
are  used.  The  holes  are  much  deeper  as  a  rule  than  on  the  Mesaba  and 
in  case  of  the  diamond  drill  work  frequently  driven  on  an  angle.  The  con- 
tract price  on  the  Cuyuna  is  $2.00  per  foot  for  churn  drilling  and  $4.00  per 
foot  for  diamond  drilling. 

MINING    METHODS 

On  the  Vermilion  range  the  mining  is  confined  to  underground  work 
and  this  will  be  the  method  employed  upon  the  Cuyuna  range.  On  the 
Mesaba  range  conditions  are  such  that  a  large  part  of  the  mining  may  be 

—36— 


done  by  open  pit  work.  The  ore  ledges  on  the  Vermilion  stand  at  angles 
approaching  80  degrees  and  in  some  cases  are  vertical.  The  ore  is  hard — 
so  hard  that  the  ordinary  air  drill  makes  very  slow  progress  through  it  and 
the  expensive  diamond  drill  must  be  largely  used,  both  for  mining  and  ex- 
ploring the  formation.  A  large  amount  of  explosives  is  required  to  break 
the  ore  into  small  enough  pieces  to  permit  loading.  The  Cuyuna  range 
ore,  while  not  as  hard  as  Vermilion  ore,  nevertheless  will  be  more  expensive 
to  mine  than  that  of  the  Mesaba  range. 

Open  Pit  Mining 

The  Mesaba  ore  is  soft.  It  lies  near  the  surface  in  an  almost  horizontal 
plane,  with  a  covering  of  20  feet  or  more  of  glacial  drift  composed  of  sand 
and  clay  in  which  there  are  many  huge  boulders.  The  ore  bodies  vary  in 
size  but  are  fairly  uniform  in  most  respects.  They  may  be  a  mile  or  more 
m  length,  though  this  is  unusual.  The  width  of  the  body  sometimes  reaches 
a  half  mile,  with  a  thickness  running  from  50  to  300  feet.  The  open  pit 
method  is  much  used,  both  for  stripping  over  burden  and  mining  ore.  There 
are,  however,  many  deposits  where  open  pit  mining  cannot  be  employed. 
Its  application  is  determined  by  the  thickness  and  extent  of  the  ore  body 
relative  to  the  overburden;  the  character  of  the  ore;  the  distance  of  haul 
to  the  dump,  etc.  The  increasing  efficiency  of  the  steam  shovel,  the  greater 
cost  of  timbering  and  the  lack  of  skilled  miners  necessary  for  underground 
mining,  all  have  contributed  toward  extending  open  pit  mining. 

In  open  pit  mining  the  ore  body  is  reached  by  removing  the  overburden 
with  a  steam  shovel,  not  unlike  that  used  in  railroad  excavation  work. 
Many  million  cubic  yards  have  been  stripped  to  lay  bare  the  ore  bodies 
and  recently  a  stripping  depth  of  150  feet,  involving  seven  million  cubic 
yards  of  stripping,  was  undertaken.  The  steam  shovel  has  removed  more 
material  on  the  Mesaba  range  than  the  total  excavation  required  for  the 
Panama  canal. 

A  shovel  crew  consists  of  an  engineer,  a  crane  man,  and  four  pit  men 
to  prepare  the  road  bed  and  lay  the  track  upon  which  the  steam  shovel 
stands.  A  "spotter"  keeps  the  stripping  train  which  stands  on  a  parallel 
track  moving  as  the  successive  cars  are  filled.  The  shovel  lifts  four  or 
five  tons  at  a  time  from  the  bank  and  dumps  its  load  into  cars.  In  many 
cases  it  is  necessary  to  shake  up  the  earth  by  the  use  of  powder.  Charges 
are  placed  in  drill  holes  a  short  distance  back  from  the  edge  of  the  bank, 
and  on  exploding  the  charge,  which  is  done  by  means  of  the  ordinary 
fuse  and  cap,  the  bank  is  loosened  up  to  permit  easy  working  for  the 
shovel.  The  large  boulders  require  breaking  up  by  the  use  of  dynamite. 
The  dump  cars  loaded  by  the  steam  shovel  are  hauled  to  the  dump  by  a 
"dinky"  engine  or  by  engines  weighing  as  much  as  60  tons. 

In  this  way  the  ore  is  cleaned  off  and  made  ready  for  mining,  the  final 
cleaning  up  of  the  top  of  the  ore  being  done  by  men  with  shovels  and 
wheelbarrows.  The  ore  is  so  soft  that  the  shovel  frequently  digs  it  with- 
out .blasting,  though  in  general  black  powder  is  used  to  shake  up  the  mass. 
It  is  the  universal  practice  to  load  the  ore  direct  from  the  pit  into  railroad 
cars  which  are  drawn  out  three  to  ten  at  a  time  by  a  standard  gauge  loco- 
motive. In  this  way  the  deposit  is  worked  down  bench  by  bench,  until 
a  little  of  the  rim  only  is  left.  The  grades  become  too  heavy  for  the  loco- 
motive or  the  deposit  too  thin  and  underground  mining  finishes  the  work. 
The  ore  is  generally  carried  in  steel  cars  which  have  a  nominal  capacity 

—37— 


of  50  tons  each,  actual  capacity  46  tons.  A  standard  shovel  weighs  90  tons, 
and  one  crew  can  load  up  to  8,000  tons  of  ore  per  ten-hour  day,  with  4,000 
or  5,000  as  an  average  day's  work.  Both  stripping  and  ore  handling  are 
done  on  a  two-shift  basis  of  ten  hours  each.  Work  is  suspended  on  Sunday 
except  that  of  repairing  the  shovels. 

Milling   System 

The  milling  system  is  a  combination  of  open  pit  and  underground  min- 
ing. The  ore  is  stripped  as  in  open  pit  mining.  A  shaft  is  sunk  near  the 
edge  of  the  ore  body  and  drifts  are  run  into  the  ore,  say  60  feet  below 
its  top.  Raises  are  made  from  the  drift  to  the  surface  and  through  these 
the  ore  is  "milled"  down  into  chutes,  loaded  into  cars  and  hauled  by  mules 
or  electric  power  to  the  shaft  where  it  is  hoisted  to  the  surface  and  dumped 
into  railroad  cars.  When  the  ore  is  very  soft  it  may  be  "milled"  into  the 
raises  by  use  of  the  pick  alone — In  other  cases  blasting  must  be  resorted 
to.  In  some  cases  the  steam  shovel  is  used  to  throw  the  ore  into  the 
"mill."  As  the  "mill"  becomes  larger  it  finally  becomes  too  dangerous  for 
the  miner  on  account  of  the  steepness  of  the  sides  and  underground  mining 
methods  must  be  used.  A  relatively  small  amount  of  ore  has  been  won  on 
the  Mesaba  by  "milling." 

UNDERGROUND    MINING 

Only  a  few  deposits  permit  the  removal  of  all  the  ore  without  resorting 
to  underground  mining  and  many  mines  may  be  worked  only  by  under- 
ground methods.  Formerly  the  square  set  system,  much  used  in  metal 
mining  elsewhere,  was  the  accepted  method  on  the  Mesaba.  While  satis- 
ractory  in  the  main  and  still  employed  to  a  limited  extent  in  a  few  places 
this  method  has  given  way  to  the  "slicing  and  caving"  system  which  is 
effective  and  economical.  Nearly  all  the  ore  is  recovered.  The  method 
consists  in  beginning  at  the  top  of  the  ore  and  working  out  a  slice,  dropping 
the  surface  as  the  work  goes  on.  The  caving  of  the  surface  is  necessary 
on  account  of  the  character  of  the  roof,  which  is  generally  sand  or  a  gravel. 
A  shaft  is  sunk  as  in  the  milling  system  and  a  drift  is  run  into  the  ore. 
Sub-levels  are  then  driven  at  distances  from  8  to  14  feet  high  and  raises 
are  run  to  the  top  of  the  ore.  The  ore  is  sliced  out  just  wide  enough  to 
carry  the  roof  while  working.  The  ore  is  shoveled  into  the  raises,  at  the 
bottom  of  which  a  chute  is  set  from  which  the  ore  is  drawn  direct  into  mine 
cars.  As  each  slice  is  taken  out  the  overburden  is  caved — either  of  its 
own  weight  or  is  blasted  down.  This  overburden  packs  so  as  to  hold  up 
laterally  with  a  little  temporary  timbering  and  lagging. 

Slice  after  slice  is  taken  until  the  whole  top  of  the  ore  body  has  been 
drawn  into  the  raises,  when  the  same  process  is  gone  through  on  the  nexi 
sub-level.  The  floors  of  the  slices  are  covered  with  plank  or  boards  so 
as  to  keep  the  sand  from  mixing  with  the  ore  and  to  make  a  roof  for  the 
next  slice  below.  This  floor  under  the  sand  follows  the  ore  down  with 
each  slice.  This  general  system  has  a  number  of  modifications,  permitting 
it  to  be  used  on  the  other  ranges.  It  calls  for  the  use  of  a  small  amount  of 
timber  and  is  comparatively  free  from  accident  to  miners. 

Regarding  the  three  methods  of  mining  in  vogue  it  may  be  said  in  gen- 
eral that  underground  mining  is  increasing  while  open  pit  work  has  reached 
Its  maximum  service. 

—38— 


ORE    ESTIMATES 
Mesaba  Range 

To  make  an  "ore  estimate"  certain  recognized  principles  must  be 
adapted  to  the  particular  case  in  hand,  for  each  property  presents  an  indi- 
vidual problem.  In  general,  it  may  be  said  that  a  total  tonnage  estimate  is 
the  one  first  made.  This  will  suffice  in  case  of  reserve  ore  bodies,  and  needs 
but  little  adjustment,  provided  the  ore  body  has  been  thoroughly  drilled. 
Where  the  drill  data  is  incomplete,  it  will  be  necessary  from  time  to  time 
to  revise  the  ore  estimate. 

As  to  the  method  it  may  be  briefly  stated  as  follows:  The  outline  of 
the  ore  body  is  established  from  the  drill  holes.  The  ore  lying  without 
the  outer  rim  of  holes  is  elliptical  in  outline  and  triangular  in  cross  section. 
Inside  this  outer  limit  of  the  ore  body  is  drawn  a  line  connecting  the  cen- 
ters of  the  bases  of  all  these  triangles.  This  line  should  Be  midway  between 
the  crest  and  toe  of  the  slope  of  the  ore  bank. 

The  area  inclosed,  multiplied  by  the  average  depth  of  ore  in  all  holes 
within  the  area,  is  the  total  volume  of  ore. 

The  number  of  cubic  feet  per  ton  for  various  grades  of  ore  has  been 
established  by  experience  dealing  with  every  part  of  the  ranges  and  it 
varies  from  13  cubic  feet  for  62  per  cent  iron  to  17  cubic  feet  for  49  per 
cent  iron.  All  analyses  are  based  on  the  dried  samples. 

The  ore  is  carefully  graded  into:  (a)  bessemer,  (b)  non-bessemer,  and 
in  some  cases,  into  (c)  ore  material. 

The  limiting  analyses  are  about  as  follows: 


Iron 
per  cent 

Phos- 
phorus 
per  cent 

Silica 
per  cent 

Mangan- 
ese 
per  cent 

61.55 

.047 

4.6 

1.0 

^on»  Bessemer 

57  20 

099 

7  2 

1.5 

All  ore  above  49  per  cent  is  considered  merchantable. 

The  ore  material  class  is  made  up  of  the  ore  lying  between  40  per 
cent  and  49  per  cent.  It  may  or  may  not  have  commercial  value,  depending 
upon  whether  it  can  be  washed  or  concentrated. 

Furthermore,  from  the  drill  records  and  the  locations  of  drill  holes, 
cross  sections  of  the  ore  body  may  be  made.  The  sections  may  be  made 
by  passing  vertical  planes  through  adjoining  holes;  then  all  the  planes 
(in  practically  the  same  plane)  joined  together,  constitute  a  section.  By 
many  engineers  a  plane  is  passed  which  cuts  as  many  of  the  holes  in  one 
directioa  as  possible,  and  those  holes  not  on  the  section  are  projected 
upon  it.  This  second  method  is  simple  and  can  be  used  in  making  esti- 
mates without  a  correction  for  the  length  of  section  due  to  the  broken 
planes. 

If  inaccuracy  occurs  in  that  the  hole  is  off  the  section  and  it  does  not 
show  the  true  depth  of  ore  at  the  place  indicated,  interpolation  may  be 
used  to  correct  this  depth  from  adjoining  holes  by  a  section  at  right  angles 
to  the  one  in  question. 


—39— 


The  ore  sometimes  ends  abruptly  against  rock  and  then  again  will  run 
out  in  long  lenses.  In  general  it  may  be  stated  that  the  edge  of  the  ore 
body  is  placed  at  a  distance  outside  the  outer  rim  holes  equal  to  the  depth 
of  ore  in  the  hole.  An  examination  of  the  sections  will  show  the  different 
grades  of  ore  more  or  less  continuous  in  layers.  From  these  sections 
carefully  drawn  to  scale  their  areas  may  be  measured  and  by  the  method 
cf  "average  end  areas"  the  total  volume  of  the  body  obtained  and  the  num- 
Der  of  tons  computed.  This  cross  section  method  usually  checks  closely 
the  first  method  described. 

As  the  shipments  are  made  from  each  property  the  number  of  tons 
shipped  is  annually  deducted  so  that  the  ore  remaining  in  the  mine  is 
checked  up  each  year. 

Where  doubtful  drill  records,  irregular,  or  large  rock  intrusions  render 
the  above  described  methods  unsatisfactory,  it  becomes  necessary  to  make 
a  "pillar  estimate"  in  order  to  ascertain  the  tonnage  in  the  mine.  This  con- 
sists in  measuring  up  the  ore  pillars  from  the  underground  maps,  giving 
due  consideration  to  "probable  ore,"  thus  determining  the  ore  tonnage. 

Vermilion   Range 

Estimates  are  made  for  this  range  by  measuring  up  the  pillars  of  ore 
from  the  underground  maps. 

WESTER'N    MESABA    RANGE    ESTIMATES 
Special   Report 

The  distinguishing  feature  of  the  Western  Mesaba  ore  formation  is 
the  incompleteness  and  irregularity  of  the  alteration  as  compared  with 
Eastern  Mesaba.  The  ore  bodies  show  all  gradations  from  ferruginous 
chert  to  completely  oxidized  iron  ore  almost  free  from  silica  and  alumina. 

The  ore  may  be  generally  characterized  as  silicious,  carrying  from  30% 
to  slightly  over  60%  iron;  the  phosphorus  compared  with  Eastern  Mesaba 
ores  is  notably  low,  rarely  a'bove  0.05%  and  frequently  as  low  as  0.01%; 
the  percentage  of  silica  varies  from  25%  to  75% — 35%  being  perhaps  a 
normal  silica  percentage.  This  silica  or  "sand"  is  not  water-worn, — it  con- 
sists of  small  sharp  fragments  derived  from  the  disintegration  of  the  fer- 
ruginous chert,  the  so-called  "iron-bearing  taconite." 

Experiments  in  concentration  indicate  that,  while  much  of  the  silica 
is  so  combined  with  iron  as  to  be  wholly  unsusceptible  of  concentration,  the 
probabilities  are  decidedly  in-  favor  of  concentration — or  more  correctly 
speaking,  washing — being  developed  to  a  commercial  success. 

The  softness  of  the  ore  formation  practically  limits  drill  prospecting 
to  churn  drilling.  Since  much  of  the  ore  is  largely  composed  of  the  sharp 
"sand"  just  referred  to  it  is  difficult  if  not  impossible  to  judge  from  an 
examination  of  the  drillings  (which  consist  wholly  of  sharp  fragments) 
whether  the  stratum  passed  through  is  taconite  or  paint-rock,  or  whether  it 
is  material  that  can  be  commercially  washed. 

Recent  development  by  test  pits  and  raises  has  disclosed  large  quantities 
of  "paint-rock."  One  of  the  distinguishing  features  of  paint-rock  on  Eastern 
Mesaba  is  the  presence  of  comparatively  large  percentages  of  alumina  and 
phosphorus  which  are  readily  determined  by  analysis.  On  the  Western 
Mesaba  the  paint-rock  contains  so  little  alumina  and  phosphorus  that  de- 
pendence cannot  be  placed  upon  the  chemical  analysis  of  drill  samples 
to  distinguish  between  paint-rock  and  ore.  Until  quite  recently  ore  esti- 

—40— 


mates  in  the  Western  Mesaba  district  were  based  wholly  upon  chemical 
analysis.  Three  grades  were  established:  First,  a  non-Bessemer  shipping 
ore  containing  57%  iron  and  0.04%  phosphorus  of  which  quite  a  little  tonnage 
was  developed.  Second,  a  first-class  silicious  ore  averaging  49%  iron  and 
0.04%  phosphorus.  Third,  a  second-class  silicious  ore  averaging  40%  iron 
and  0.04%  phosphorus.  It  was  assumed  that  the  bulk  of  the  silicious  ore 
could  be  successfully  raised  to  merchantable  grade  by  washing.  The  sink- 
ing of  test  pits  quickly  showed  a  wide  variation  in  chemical  analysis  of 
churn-drill  samples  and  test  pit  samples  from  the  same  stratum.  This 
variation  was  caused  by  a  washing  away  of  silica  and  alumina  and  concen- 
tration of  iron  due  to  the  churning  action  in  the  drill  hole.  The  alumina  !n 
some  cases  was  reduced  from  17%  to  0.2%,  while  the  iron  was  correspond- 
ingly increased, — in  some  instances  sufficiently  to  make  drill  samples  run 
7%  higher  than  test-pit  samples. 

This  selective  or  concentration  action  within  the  drill  hole  might  readily 
make  a  poor  class  of  paint-rock  appear  to  be  a  good  grade  of  non-Bessemer 
ore;  it  might  readily  show  a  large  tonnage  of  washable  ore  in  ground  which 
really  averaged  as  low  as  30%  iron. 

A  number  of  comparisons  between  drill  hoJe  and  test-pit  data  show  that 
a  concentration  of  iron  in  the  drill  hole  is  inevitable.  The  degree  of 
concentration  varies  greatly  but  would  seem  to  average  about  4%.  There- 
fore in  grading  this  4%  reduction  has  been  adopted. 

The  impracticability  of  using  the  chemical  analysis  as  a  basis  for  the 
classification  of  the  ore  as  "washable"  and  "non-washable"  led  to  the  adop- 
tion of  a  classification  of  test-pit  and  drill  samples,  according  to  physical 
characteristics  into  "ore" — "sand  and  ore" — "paint-rock"  and  "taconite."  A 
number  of  estimates  were  made  on  this  plan  by  a  leading  mining  company 
but  its  engineers  have  now  abandoned  the  method  as  unsatisfactory. 

It  would  be  impossible  for  two  men,  however  expert  and  conscientious, 
to  check  within  reasonable  limits  on  an  ore  estimate  based  purely  on  the 
physical  characteristics  of  drill  samples.  Therefore  estimates  are  based  on 
the  chemical  analysis. 

As  a  matter  of  fact,  present  day  estimates  in  the  Western  Mesaba 
district  are  largely  speculative  and  will  so  remain  until  the  washing  plant 
now  in  construction  at  Coleraine  has  thoroughly  tested  out  the  various  ore 
bodies,  determining  the  ratio  of  washable  to  non-washable  ore  and  the  ratio 
of  concentration. 


CUYUNA    RANGE    ESTIMATES 
Special  Report 

The  deposits  are  irregular  in  shape.  The  drilling  shows  them  in  the 
form  of  lenses  which  are  commonly  narrow  and  may  be  single  or  double; 
when  double  they  are  parallel  and  are  separated  by  lean  material.  There 
are  no  outcrops  and  no  topographic  features  to  indicate  the  presence  of  an 
ore  deposit.  The  iron-bearing  formation  continues  for  miles  though  the 
bodies  of  ore  are  small  and  in  general  end  abruptly;  the  greatest  length 
is  approximately  2,000  feet. 

Two  hundred  (200)  feet  is  probably  close  to  the  average  width  for  the 
north  part  of  the  range,  while  the  width  is  considerably  less  on  the  south 
end. 

—41— 


The  greatest  depth  shown  to  date  is  850  feet.  Greater  depths  are  ob- 
tained on  the  north  than  on  the  south  range.  Four  hundred  and  fifty  (450) 
feet  is  in  all  probability  a  fair  average  depth.  These  lenses  of  ore  are 
pitched  at  a  high  angle  in  many  cases  nearly  vertical. 


Samples  taken*  from  the  Kennedy  mine,  situated  in  the  N1/^  of  the 
of  Section  30-47-28,  averaged  57.06  per  cent  iron,  .119  per  cent  phosphorus, 
.61  per  cent  manganese,  11.10  per  cent  silica  with  a  moisture  of  approximate- 
ly 10  per  cent.  This  is  typical  of  the  ore  as  it  is  found  on  the  north  end 
of  the  range.  The  percentage  of  iron  is  lower  on  the  south  end.  Cuyuna 
ores  are  hydrous  and  silicious  limonites,  usually  red  or  brown  in  color, 
intermixed  with  paint-rock.  Some  hematites  are  found.  From  present  indi- 
cations the  percentage  of  iron  is  higher  near  the  top  of  the  ore  body  and 
decreases  with  depth. 

Over  the  range  in  general  the  phosphorus  is  higher  than  that  just 
shown  in  the  Kennedy  mine.  Bessemer  ore  seems  to  exist  only  in  very 
small  quantities. 

Manganese  will  run  about  as  shown  in  the  Kennedy. 

Silica  is  high  and  usually  increases  as  the  iron  decreases  until  the 
ore  becomes  too  lean  to  be  merchantable. 

Moisture  is  as  yet  largely  undetermined,  but  it  may  in  some  cases  reach 
14  per  cent. 

The  texture  of  the  ore  runs  from  soft,  slaty  to  a  dense,  hard,  silicious 
ore. 

The  ore  will  probably  be  rated  only  as  of  medium  grade.  Its  physical 
characteristics  make  it  a  desirable  furnace  material,  while  low  iron  and 
high  silica  detract  from  its  value. 

Mining  must  be  done  entirely  iby  underground  methods  —  no  stripping 
being  possible.  At  present  the  Kennedy  mine  owned  by  Rogers,  Brown  & 
Company  is  the  only  one  hoisting  ore.  Two  levels  are  opened  up  on  this 
property  and  a  stock  pile  has  accumulated  awaiting  the  completion  of  the 
railroad  and  ore  docks.  The  season  of  1911  should  see  a  fair  production 
from  this  mine. 

The  Meacham  shaft  of  Rogers,  Brown  &  Company  in  the  NE1^  of  the 
NE*4  of  Section  11-46-29  is  made  of  concrete  and  has  been  sunk  78  feet  to 
the  ledge  and  will  be  continued  to  400  feet  in  depth.  Railroad  tracks  have 
been  provided  for  this  shaft  and  the  property  should  be  a  producer  in  1911. 

At  Ironton  a  location  is  now  building  and  a  shaft  just  begun  in  the 
SE^  of  the  NE%,  Section  10-46-29.  Tracks  and  yards  are  already  in  place. 
This  property  also  belongs  to  Rogers,  Brown  &  Company. 

There  are  no  other  active  mines  at  present  on  the  Cuyuna  range. 


—42— 


IRON  MINES  OF  THE  MARQUETTE  RANGE 

With  1910,  Prior  and  Total  Shipments  From  Each  Mine 

Reprinted  from  the  Iron  Trade  Review 


Shipments 

1910 

Prior 

Total 

American  (Sterling) 

163,290 

240,339 

403,629 

Austin 

188,588 

433,037 

621,625 

Beaufort  (Ohio)  

23,427 

566,705 

590,132 

Bessie              

59,097 

59,097 

Breitung  Hematite  

114,202 

301,583 

415,785 

Cambria  

150,422 

2,037,727 

2,188,149 

Champion 

18,746 

4  394  385 

4,413,131 

*Cleveland-Cliffs  Group 

955  374 

21  449  896 

22,405,270 

East  New  York 

327,604 

327,604 

Empire 

53,687 

203,095 

256,782 

Foxdale       

31,447 

31,447 

Hartford         

183,471 

1,766,951 

1,950,422 

Imperial    

83,404 

376,691 

460,095 

Jackson  

40,320 

3,885,213 

3,925,533 

Lake  Angeline 

244  923 

8  285  460 

8  530  383 

Lake  Superior 

271  445 

14  961  563 

15,233,008 

Lillie 

10,121 

1  748  490 

1,758,611 

Lucy  (McComber)     .    ... 

11,257 

519  031 

530,288 

Maas                           

208,103 

220  611 

428,714 

Magnetic  (stock  pile)  

292 

292 

Mary  Charlotte  

197,522 

1,057,184 

1,254,706 

Mitchell       

23,428 

29,319 

52,747 

Moore 

68  131 

68,131 

Negaunee 

348  818 

3  662  127 

4  010  945 

New  York  (York) 

1  123  071 

1,123,071 

Palmer                            ...    . 

14  172 

14,172 

Portland          

49,584 

79  652 

129,236 

Princeton  (Swanzey)  

89,441 

1  271  761 

1,361,202 

Queen  (Blue)  

230,119 

5  992  421 

6,222,540 

Republic  

150,732 

6,193,471 

6,344,203 

Richmond 

95  772 

688  455 

784,227 

Rolling  Mill  

115,193 

578,916 

694,109 

Star  West  (Wheat) 

204  649 

204,649 

Stegmiller  

48,842 

39869 

88,711 

Stephenson  

225,726 

122  968 

348,694 

Volunteer  

1,419,197 

1,419,197 

Washington 

96  769 

65  341 

162,110 

Webster 

34  905 

34,905 

Winthrop  (Marquette) 

1  912  022 

1,912,022 

Miscellaneous  

5  537,143 

5,537,143 

Total 

4  392  726 

91  903  991 

96,296,717 

"Cliffs,  Lake,  Moro  and  Salisbury  Mines. 


IRON    MINES    OF    THE    MENOMINEE    RANGE 

With  1910,  Prior  and  Total  Shipments  From  Each  Mine 

Reprinted  from  the  Iron  Trade  Review 


Name  of  Mine 

Shipments 

1910 

Prior 

Total 

Alpha 

1  370 

1  370 

Antoine  .  . 

1  353  792 

1  353  792 

Aragon 

241  046 

5  836  281 

6  077  327 

Armenia 

65  473 

311  608 

377  081 

Baker  ...    . 

39  417 

45  003 

84  420 

Baltic    ...    . 

171  930 

1  168  663 

1  340  593 

Berkshire 

97  999 

37  735 

135  734 

Breen       .      .  . 

75  425 

75  425 

Bristol  (Claire) 

270  742 

2  185  367 

2  456  109 

Calumet 

121  354 

121  354 

Caspian  .... 

171  334 

527  971 

699  305 

Chapin  (Ludington) 

465  543 

17  183  934 

17  649  477 

Chatham  .  .  . 

51,988 

129  439 

181  427 

Clifford  .  .  . 

91,081 

103  626 

194  707 

Columbia 

942  703 

942  703 

Commonwealth 

89,116 

2  511  784 

2  600  900 

Crystal  Falls 

1  735  251 

1  735  251 

Cuff  

58  419 

58  419 

Cundy  (Quinnesec) 

1  344  645 

721  321 

Dober  (Riverton) 

84,269 

2  110  877 

2,195  146 

Dunn  

136,144 

1  521  871 

1  658  015 

Eleanor  (Appleton)  . 

18  719 

18  719 

Fairbanks  (P't  R.)  . 

379  789 

379  789 

Florence  

239,161 

2  718  019 

2  957,180 

Fogartv    . 

51,071 

117,865 

168,936 

Forest  

11  988 

11,988 

Genesee  (Ethel) 

66,185 

471,439 

537,624 

Gibson     

45,202 

57,151 

102,353 

Great  Western  .      ... 

80,709 

1,872,228 

1,952,937 

Groveland    .......' 

26,462 

74,092 

100,554 

Hemlock  

115,407 

1,589,818 

1,705,225 

Hiawatha  

128,884 

485,612 

614,496 

Hilltop  

20,229 

20,229 

Hollister  

49,434 

46,982 

96,416 

Hope  

28,530 

28,530 

James  

78,388 

152,971 

231,359 

Keel  Ridge 

93  101 

93  101 

Kimball  

16,224 

16,224 

Lamont  (Monitor) 

3,183 

555  341 

558,524 

Lincoln      ... 

241  627 

241,627 

—44— 


IRON   MINES   OF  THE  MENOMINEE  RANGE— Concluded 

AND   BARABOO  DISTRICT 

With  1910,  Prior  and  Total  Shipments  From  Each  Mine 
Reprinted  from  the  Iron  Trade  Review 


Shipments 

1910 

Prior 

Total 

Loretto 

116,048 

1,195,020 

1,311,068 

Mansfield 

114,357 

1,102,998 

1,217,355 

McDonald                                          .    .  . 

6,022 

1,144 

7,166 

Michigan    ...                     

17,922 

153,797 

171,719 

Millie  (Hewitt)         

368,267 

368,267 

Monongahela 

9,310 

9,310 

Munroe  

20,022 

278,556 

298,578 

Nanaimo 

373,765 

373,765 

Northwestern 

35,810 

35,810 

Penn  Iron  Mining  Company 

344,760 

8,500,375 

8,845,135 

Pewabic                                          .... 

380,376 

6,936,789 

7,317,165 

Quinnesec  .  .                                   

744 

3,147 

627,215 

Saginaw  (Perkins)             

502,985 

502,985 

Sheridan  

116,299 

116,299 

Tobin  

235,812 

1,394,737 

1,630,549 

Tully 

2,726 

2,726 

Verona 

130,975 

130,975 

Vivian 

14,827 

405,412 

420,239 

Youncs 

98,399 

375,385 

473,784 

Zimmerman 

25,555 

12,135 

37,690 

Miscellaneous 

1,057,306 

1,057,306 

Total  

4,237,738 

71,213,055 

75,450,793 

BARABOO  DISTRICT 
(In  Wisconsin) 


Illinois 

309,741 

309,741 

Iron  Ridge 

14,487 

158,994 

173,481 

Mayville                                 

77,195 

411,892 

489,087 

Total  

91,682 

880,627 

972,309 

—45— 


IRON  MINES  OF  THE  GOGEBIC  RANGE 

With  1910,  Prior  and  Total  Shipments  From  Each  Mine 

Reprinted  from  the  Iron  Trade  Review 


Name  of  Mine 

Shipments 

1910 

Prior 

Total 

Anvil  

7  235 

766  962 

774  197 

Ashland     

231  506 

5  386  884 

5  618  390 

Atlantic       

79  847 

1  547  123 

1  626  970 

Brotherton  

102  626 

1  752  498 

1  855  124 

Gary  (and  Superior)  . 

205  674 

2  540  147 

2  745  821 

Castile  

20,197 

35  247 

55  444 

Chicago  

68  727 

68  727 

Colby  

194,754 

2  450  347 

2  645  101 

Davis  (Wisconsin) 

103  961 

103  961 

Eureka    

41,611 

462  134 

503  745 

Geneva  

7  108 

7  108 

Harmony  (Germania)       .    . 

20,080 

422  239 

442  319 

Hennepin               ... 

259  733 

259  733 

Iron  Belt       

66,627 

1  185  502 

1  252  129 

Ironton  .  .      .        

109,925 

848  985 

958  910 

Jack  Pot  

99  090 

99  090 

Meteor  (Comet)  

216  367 

216  367 

Mikado  .  .    . 

52,715 

997  085 

1  049  800 

Montreal  

187,325 

2  804  485 

2  991  810 

Newport  

1,182,324 

5  845  039 

7  027  363 

*Norrie  Group  

1,333,006 

24  052  924 

25  385  930 

Ottawa  (Odanah)  ... 

83,389 

481  359 

564  748 

Palms        

1  284  489 

1  284  489 

Pence  

8,954 

40  566 

49  520 

Pike   

3,324 

98  732 

102  056 

Puritan  (Ruby)  

50,019 

109  572 

159  591 

Shores  

55  808 

55  808 

Sunday  Lake  

115,486 

1  306  975 

1  422  461 

Tilden  

99,937 

5  088  635 

5,188  572 

Upson  

11  375 

11,375 

Winona  

10,500 

10  500 

Yale  (West  Colby)    

108,253 

373  173 

481,426 

Miscellaneous  

117,232 

117,232 

Total  

4,315,314 

60,820,503 

65,135,817 

*Norrie,  N.  Norrie,  E.  Norrie,  Aurora,  Pabst  and  Vaughn  Mines. 


IRON  MINES  OF  THE  MESABA  RANGE 

With  1910,  Prior  and  Total  Shipments  from  Each  Mine 
Reprinted  from  the  Iron  Trade  Review 


Name  of  Mine 

Shipments 

1910 

Prior 

Total 

Adams  

1,258,295 
135,685 
152,834 

12,585,828 
288,927 
923,881 
207,650 
1,731,036 
82,175 
231,699 
2,143,028 

13,844,123 
424,612 
1,076,715 
207,650 
1,998,619 
107,579 
233,351 
2,143,028 

17,673 
874,026 
9,665,922 
123,303 
379,814 
8,892,513 

1,198,879 
713,048 
241,343 
2,581^229 
152,075 
3,471,597 
16,987 
2,543,402 
913,713 
837,761 
1,147,391 
1,380,267 

319,453 
171 
1,794,472 

1,855,846 
7,214 
135*636 

19,617,649 
248,540 
360,057 
1,743,622 
145,069 

3,268,586 
1,331,576 
2,203,461 
462,275 

546,882 
27,711 

Adriatic 

Asjnew 

Ajax  (Kanawha) 

Albany 

267,583 
25,404 
1,652 

Alberta 

Alexander 

Auburn        ...        .          

Bansror 

17,673 
117,173 
544,353 
57,789 
110,630 
1,032,815 

1,105,160 

Bessemer  

756,853 
9,121,569 
65,514 
269,184 
7,859,698 

93,719 
713,048 
241,343 
1,946,993 
152,075 
2,942,375 
16,987 
2,201,854 
636,176 
678,192 
1,075,759 
1,278,034 

319,453 
171 
1,737,233 

1,668,853 

Biwabik  

Brav 

Brunt 

Burt 

Canisteo  

Canton  

Cass      

Chisholm  

634,236 

Cincinnati  

Clark  

529,222 

Columbia 

Commodore 

341,548 
277,537 
159,569 
71,632 
102,233 

Corsica 

Crosby 

Croxton 

Cyprus  .  . 

Day  

Diamond  

Duluth 

57,239 

186,993 
7,214 
53,009 

1,485,099 
8,264 
204,640 
31,614 

Elba 

Elizabeth  

Euclid      

82,627 

18,132,550 
240,276 
155,417 
1,712,008 
145,069 

2,985,287 
1,220,788 
1,917,410 
164,514 

238,873 

Fayal  

Forest  

Fowler 

Franklin 

Frantz  

Genoa  

283,299 
110,788 
286,051 
297,761 

308,009 
27.711 

Gilbert  

Glen  

Grant    .    . 

Hanna  

Harold.. 

—47— 


IRON  MINES  OF  THE  MESABA  RANGE— Continued 

With  1910,  Prior  and  Total  Shipments  from  Each  Mine 
Reprinted  from  the  Iron  Trade  Review 


Name  of  Mine 

Shipments 

1 
1910 

Prior 

Total 

Hartley  

113,512 
224,406 
82,393 
151,854 
801,088 

390,108 
1,545,523 
418,336 
1,111,146 

503,620 
1,769,929 
500,729 
1,263,000 
801,088 
8,314 
270,864 
814,780 
168,553 
15,580,481 
33,575 

1,109,609 

213,317 
945,644 

339,695 
1,197,269 
58,406 

493,017 
4,962,469 
116,422 
1,406,403 
958,016 
2,877,892 
1,846,005 
2,463,165 
121,391 

109,086 
15,267 
83,922 
14,046,855 
1,116,360 
131,318 
220,765 
4,392 
1,349,747 
17,486 
966,974 
36,581 
680,495 
77,117 
628,899 
8,681,082 
279,296 
17,198,817 

Hawkins  

Hector  (Hale)  

Higgins  No.  2  

Hill 

Hobart 

8,314 
270,864 
400,907 

Holland 

Holman 

413,873 
168,553 
3,189,975 

f        8,227 

231,842 

Hudson 

Hull-Rust 

12,390,506 
25,348 

877,767 

213,317 
925,330 

196,789 
795,349 
7,464 

472,668 
4,962,469 
94,722 
1,277,745 
768,970 
2,262,496 
858,095 
2,144,253 
121,391 

109,086 

Humphrey 

Iroquois  ... 

Jennings  

Jordan 

20,314 

142,906 
401,920 
50,942 

20,349 

Kellogg 

it.      »s 
Ivinney  ...          .                     ........ 

Knox  

La  Belle 

*Lake  Superior  Group 

Larkin  (Tesora) 

21,700 
128,658 
189,046 
615,396 
987,910 
318,912 

La  Rue 

Laura 

Leetonia 

Leonard 

Lincoln 

Longyear 

McKinley  

Mace 

15,267 
83,922 
1,515,723 
72,035 
23,265 

Maderia  

Mahoning  .  . 

12,531,132 
1,044,325 
108,053 
220,765 

"i,133',484" 
16,523 
900,463 

557,315 
7,614 
628,899 
7,316,409 
279,296 
17,198,871 

Malta  

Mariska  

Mayas  

Meadow  

4,392 
216,263 
963 
66,511 
36,581 
123,180 
69,503 

Miller  

Miniiewas  

Minorca  

Mississippi  

Mohawk  

Monica   

Monroe  

Morris  

1,364,673 

Morrow 

Mountain  Iron  (Aetna)  

*Burt,  Hull  and  Hull-Rust  Mines. 
fA  Trespass. 

IRON  MINES  OF  THE  MESABA  RANGE— Concluded 

With  1910,  Prior  and  Total  Shipments  From  Each  Mine 

Reprinted  from  the  Iron  Trade  Review 


Name  of  Mine 

Shipments 

1910 

Prior 

Total 

Myers     .  .         

131,440 

914,736 

1,046,176 

Nassau                     

39 

31,112 

31,151 

Onandaga                                          .    .  . 

61,935 

90,797 

152,732 

Pearce  

60,411 

242,830 

303,241 

Pearson  

78  133 

68,683 

146,816 

Penobscot 

706  071 

706  071 

Perkins  

80,622 

59,029 

139,651 

Pettit  

62,456 

496,830 

559,286 

Pillsbury 

1,640.265 

1,640,265 

Roberts  

26,915 

190,154 

217,069 

Sauntry-Alpena                         

242,373 

700,140 

942,513 

Scranton 

1  168 

1.168 

Sellers  

954,042 

2,870,890 

3,824,932 

Seville  

2,677 

23,585 

26,262 

Schley 

13,369 

13,369 

Sharon 

329,535 

329,535 

Shenango 

965,148 

2,303,257 

3,268,405 

Silverton                                                .    . 

13,740 

13,740 

Sliver 

358,432 

305,364 

663,796 

Sparta  . 

1,244,197 

1,244,197 

Spring                                          

31,909 

35,773 

67,682 

Spruce  (Cloquet)                          

613,947 

5,166,199 

5,780,146 

St.  Clair  ....                          

94,688 

94,688 

St   Paul 

137  430 

137,430 

Stephens 

454  819 

454,819 

Stevenson  

953,079 

9,984,191 

10,937,270 

Susquehanna  

176,869 

583,592 

760,461 

Sweeney 

769 

7,579 

8,348 

Syracuse 

2,363 

5,509 

7,872 

Tener 

853  765 

853,765 

Troy.  . 

104,057 

489,824 

593,881 

Union  

399,877 

399,877 

Uno 

341,939 

341,939 

Utica  

232,582 

1,303,649 

1,536,231 

Victoria  . 

27,592 

289,525 

317,117 

*Virerinia  Group 

992,389 

8,218,097 

9,210,486 

.    AA£,1*11U>      V>HWU^. 

Virginia  JMme 

299,046 

299,046 

Wacoutah  

35,498 

226,424 

261,922 

Webb  

46,384 

369,783 

416,167 

Williams  (N   Cincinnati) 

97,842 

97,842 

Wills 

26,712 

20,148 

46,860 

Winnifred  (Day)  

67,686 

365,102 

432,788 

Yates 

679,038 

679,038 

Yawkey  

30,439 

145,689 

176,128 

Total  

£29,201,760 

195,703,424 

224,905,184 

*Lone  Jack,  Missabe  Mountain,  Norman  and  Ohio  Mines. 


IRON  MINES  OF  THE  VERMILION  RANGE* 
With  1910,  Prior  and  Total  Shipments  From  Each  Mine 
Reprinted  from  the  Iron  Trade  Review 


Name  of  Mine 

Shipments 

1910 

Prior 

Total 

Chandler 

9,537,378 
6,991,297 
1,359,611 

9,537,378 
7,517,732 
1,419,486 
51,650 
1,558,961 
8,357,363 
1,885,992 

Pioneer  . 

526,435 
59,875 
51,650 
206,386 
75,511 
283,320 

Savoy.  .  .                                   

Section  30  

Sibley.  .           .    .                 ...... 

1,352,575 

8,281,852 
1,602,672 

Soudan  (Minnesota)      .        

Zenith  .      ...            .               

Total                        

1,203.177 

29,125,385 

30,328,562 

GRAND  SUMMARY  OF  SHIPMENTS 


Range 

1910 

Prior 

Total 

Marquette  

4,392,726 

91,903,991 

96,296,717 

Menominee  

4,237,738 

71,213,055 

75,450,793 

Gogebic  

4,315,314 

60,820,503 

65,135,817 

Baraboo  

91,682 

880,627 

972,309 

Mesaba  

29,201,760 

195,703,424 

224,905,184 

Vermilion  

1,203,177 

29,125,385 

30,328,562 

Grand  Total  

43,442,397 

449,646,985 

493,089,382 

—50— 


YEARLY  TONNAGE  SHIPMENTS  OF  IRON  ORE  FROM  EACH  RANGE  OF 
THE  LAKE  SUPERIOR  DISTRICT 


Since  the  Opening  of  the  Lock  and  Canal  at  Sault  Ste.  Marie  in  1855 
Reprinted  from  the  Iron  Trade  Review 


Year 

Marquette 

Menomiuee 

Gogebic 

Vermilion 

Mesaba 

Grand  Total 

1855 

1  449 

1  449 

1856 

36  343 

36343 

1857 

25  646 

25  646 

1858  . 

15,876 

15  876 

1859 

68  832 

68  832 

1860  .  .  .  . 

114,401 

114,401 

1861 

49  909 

49  909 

1862 

124  169 

124  169 

1863 

203,055 

203,055 

1864 

243  127 

243  127 

1865  .  .  . 

236,208 

236  208 

1866 

278  796 

278  796 

1867 

473  567 

473  567 

1868  . 

491,449 

491  449 

1869 

617  444 

617  444 

1870 

830,940 

830  940 

1871 

779  607 

779  607 

1872  

900,901 

900,901 

1873  

1,162,458 

1,162,458 

1874  

919,557 

919,557 

1875  .  .  . 

891,257 

891  257 

1876 

992  764 

992  764 

1877  

1,010,494 

4,593 

1,015087 

1878 

1  033  082 

78028 

1  111  110 

1879  

1,130,019 

245,672 

1,375.691 

1880 

1  384  010 

524  735 

1  908  745 

1881  

1,579,834 

727,171 

2,307,005 

1882 

1,829,394 

1,136018 

2  965  412 

1883 

1  305  425 

1  047  415 

2  352  840 

1884  . 

1,548,034 

895,634 

1  022 

62,124 

2,506  814 

1885 

1  480  422 

690  435 

119  860 

225  484 

2  516201 

1886  

1,627,383 

880,006 

747,589 

304,396 

3,559  374 

1887 

1  851  414 

1  193  343 

1  303  267 

394  252 

4  742  276 

1888  
1889 

1,918,750 
2  634  816 

1,191,101 
1,796  755 

1,424,699 
2  016391 

511,953 
844  682 

5,046,503 
7  292  644 

1890  

2,993,664 

2,282,237 

2,847,786 

880,114 

9,003,801 

1891  

2,512  242 

1,824  619 

1,839,574 

894  618 

7  071  053 

1892  
1893  
1894 

2,665,169 
1,835,893 
2  060  260 

2,261,499 
1,466,197 
1  137  949 

2,971,991 
1,329,385 
1  809  468 

1,167,650 
820,621 
948  513 

4,245 
613,620 
1  793  052 

9,070^554 
6,065,716 
7  749  242 

1895  
1896  
1897  
1898  
1899  

2,097,838 
2,604,221 
2,715,035 
3,125,039 
3,757,010 

1,923,798 
1,560,467 
1,937,013 
2,522,265 
3,301,052 

2,547,976 
1,799,971 
2,258,236 
2,498,461 
2,795,856 

1,077,838 
1,088,090 
1,278,481 
1,265,142 
1,771,502 

2,781,587 
2,882,079 
4,275,809 
4,613,766 
6,626,384 

10,429  037 
9,934,828 
12,464,574 
14,024,673 
18,251,804 

1900  
1901 

3,457,522 
3  245  346 

3,261,221 
3  619  053 

2,875,295 
2  938  155 

1,655,820 
1  786  063 

7,809,535 
9  004  890 

19,059,393 
20  593  507 

1902  
1903  
1904  
1905  
1906  
1907  
1908  
1909  
1910  

3,868,025 
3,040,245 
2,843,703 
4,215,572 
4,057,187 
4,388,073 
2,414,632 
4.256,172 
4,392,726 

4,612,509 
3,749,567 
3,074,848 
4,495,451 
5,109,088 
4,964,728 
2,679,156 
4,875,385 
4,237,738 

3,654,929 
2,912,708 
2,398,287 
3,705,207 
3,643,514 
3,637,102 
2,699,856 
4,088,057 
4,315,314 

2,084,263 
1,676,699 
1,282,513 
1,677,186 
1,792,355 
1,685,267 
841,544 
1,108,215 
1,203,177 

13,342,840 
12,892,542 
12,156,008 
20,158,699 
23,819,029 
27,495,708 
17,257,350 
28,176,281 
29,201,760 

27,562,566 
24,271,761 
21,755,359 
34,252,115 
38,421,173 
42,170,878 
25,892,538 
42,504.110 
43,350,715 

Total.. 
To  Adjust. 

96,336,406 
—  39  689 

75,306,746 
+  144  047 

65,179,956 
—   44  139 

30,328,562 

224,905,184 

492,056,854 
+    60,219 

Baraboo 

972  309 

Total... 

96,296,717 

75,450,793 

65,135,817 

30,328,562 

224,905,184 

493,089,382 

Author's  note; 

There  should  be  added  to  the  above  grand  total  1,032,528  tons  of  which  972,309  tons  are  ship- 
ments from  the  Baraboo  district  in  Wisconsin,  and  60,219,  tons  are  to  correct  miscellaneous 
shipment  records  prior  to  1891  from  the  Marquette,  Menominee  and  Gogebic  ranges.  The  correct 
grand  total  of  shipments  is  493,  089,382  tons,  as  shown  in  preceding  lists  of  individual  mine  ship- 
ments. 


PRICES  OF   IRON   ORE  AT   LOWER  PORTS 
FOR    EACH    RANGE   SINCE   OPENING 


PRICES  OF  PIG  IRON 
AND  PRODUCTION 


Reprinted  from  the  Iron  Trade  Review 


Year 

Old  Range-  Vermilion 

Mesaba 

Year 

Price 

Long 
Tons 

Bessemer 

Non- 
Bessemer 

Besse- 
mer 

Non- 
Besse- 
mer 

1855.  . 
1856.  . 
1857.. 
1858.  . 
1859.  . 
I860.. 
1861.. 
1862.. 
1863.  . 
1864.. 
1865.  . 
1866.  . 
1867.. 
1868.  . 
1869.  . 
1870.  . 
1871.. 
1872.. 
1873.  . 
1874.  . 
1875.  . 
1876.  . 
1877.  . 
1878.  . 
1879.  . 
1880.. 
1881.. 
1882.. 
1883.  . 
*1884.. 
1885.  . 
1886.  . 
1887.. 
1888.  . 
1889.  . 
1890.. 
1891.. 
1892  .  . 
1893.. 
1894.  . 
1895.  . 
1896.  . 
1897.. 
1898.  . 
1899.  . 
1900.. 
1901.. 
1902.. 
1903.. 
1904.. 
1905.. 
1906.. 
1907.. 
1908. 
1909.. 
1910.  . 
1911.. 

$10.00 
8.00 
8.00 
6.50 
6.00 
5.25 
5.25 
5.25 
7.50 
8.50 
7.50 
9.50 
10.50 
8.25 
8.25 
8.50 
8.00 
9.00 
1200 
9.00 
7.00 
6.75 
6.50 
5.50 
6.25 
9.25 
9.00 
9.00 
6.00 
*5.25 
4.75 
5.25 
6.00 
4.75 
4.50 
5.50 
4.50 
4.50 
3.85 
2.75 
2.90 
4.00 
2,60 
2.75 
3.00 
5.50 
4.25 
4.25 
4.50 
3.25 
3.75 
4.25 
5.00 
4.50 
4.50 
5.00 
4.50 

$10.00 
8.00 
8.00 
6.50 
6.00 
5.50 
5.00 
5.37 
7.50 
8.50 
7.50 
9.50 
8.00 
8.25 
9.50 
8.50 
8.00 
7.50 
9.00 
7.00 
4.50 
5.50 
4.25 
4.25 
4.75 
8.00 
7.00 
6.25 
4.75 
4.50 
4.00 
4.50 
5.00 
4.00 
4.50 
5.25 
4.25 
3.65 
3.20 
2.50 
2.25 
2.70 
2,15 
1.85 
2.15 
4.25 
3.00 
3.25 
3.60 
2.75 
3.20 
3.70 
4.20 
3.70 
3.70 
4.20 
3.70 

1855.  . 
1856.  . 
1857.. 
1858.  . 
1859. 
1860. 
1861. 
1862. 
1863. 
1864. 
1865. 
1866. 
1867. 
1868. 
1869. 
1870. 
1871.. 
1872.  . 
1873.. 
1874.  . 
1875.  . 
1876.  . 
1877.. 
1878.  . 
1879.  . 
1880.  . 
1881  .  . 
t!882.. 
1883.. 
1884.  . 
1885.  . 
1886.  . 
1887.  . 
1888.. 
1889.  . 
1890.  . 
1891.. 
1892.  . 
1893.. 
1894.  . 
1895.. 
1896.  . 
1897 
1898.  . 
1899.  . 
1900.  . 
1901.. 
1902.  . 
1903.. 
1904.. 
1905.. 
1906.. 
1907.. 
1908.. 
1909.. 
1910.  . 

$2775 
27.12 
26.37 
22.25 
23.37 
22.75 
2025 
23.87 
35.25 
59.25 
46.12 
46.87 
44.12 
39.25 
40.62 
33.25 
35.12 
48.87 
42.75 
30.25 
25.50 
22.25 
18.87 
17.62 
21.50 
28.50 
25.12 
21.85 
19.04 
17.18 
15.27 
18.96 
21.37 
17.38 
18.00 
22.15 
15.15 
15.00 
12.65 
9.65 
9.40 
12.40 
8.35 
9.55 
10.30 
24.15 
16.15 
15.90 
21.50 
13.35 
15.50 
17.25 
21.50 
16.00 
14.75 
19.00 

700.159 
788,515 
712,640 
629,548 
750,560 
821,223 
653,164 
703,270 
846,075 
1,014,282 
831,770 
1,205,663 
1,305.023 
1,431,250 
1,711,287 
1,665,179 
1,706,793 
2,548,718 
2,560,963 
2,401,262 
2,023,733 
1,868,961 
2,066,594 
2,301,215 
2,741,853 
3,835,191 
4,144,254 
4,623,323 
4,595,510 
4,097,868 
4,044,526 
5,683.329 
6,417,148 
6,489,738 
7,603,642 
9,202,703 
8,279.870 
9,157,000 
7,124,502 
6,657,388 
9,446,308 
8,623,127 
9,652,680 
11,773,934 
13,620,703 
13,789,242 
15,878,354 
17,821,307 
18,009,252 
16,497,033 
22,992,380 
25,307,191 
25,781,361 
15,936,018 
25,795,471 
27,298i545 



$3.00  ' 
2.35 
2.15 
3.50 
2.25 
2.25 
2.40 
4.50 
3.25 
3.25 
4.00 
3.00 
3.50 
4.00 
475 
4.25 
4.25 
4.75 
4.25 



$1.90  ' 
2.25 
1.90 
1.75 
2.00 
4.00 
2.75 
2.75 
3.20 
2.50 
3.00 
3.50 
4.00 
3.50 
3.50 
4.00 
3.50 

*The  Vermilion  and  Gogebic  Ranges  opened  in  1884. 

tPrior  to  1882  prices  are  for  No.  1  Anthracite  Foundry  Pig  iron    at  Philadelphia, 
prices  are  for  Bessemer  Pig  Iron  in  the  Valley  at  the||time  ore  prices  were  fixed. 


Succeeding 


RAIL  FREIGHTS  ON    IRON   ORE  TO   UPPER  LAKE  PORTS 

Reprinted  from  The  Marine  Review 


Year 

Marquette  Range 

tfenominee 
Range 

Gogebic 
Range 

Mesaba 
Range 

Vermilion  Range 

Marquette 

Escanaba 

Escanaba 

Ashland 

Duluth 
Superior 
Two 
Harbors 

Two  Harbors 
From 

Ely 

Tower 

1855 

S3  00 
1.27 
1.27 
.87 
.87 
1.09 
1.09 
1.09 
1.09 
1.09 
1.10 
1.10 
1.10 
1.10 
1.10 
1.10 
.95 
.84 
.84 
.84 
.65 
.55 
.55 
.55 
.55 
.55 
.55 
.55 
.55 
.40 
.45 
.55 
.55 
.45 
.45 
.45 
.45 
.40 
.40 
.32 
.32 
,32 
.32 
.32 
.25 
.25 
.25 
.25 
.25 
.25 
.32 
.32 
.32 
.32 
.32 
.32 
.32 

1856  
1857 

1858  
1859  
1860  
1861  
1862  
1863  
1864 

1865  
1866  
1867  
1868  
1869  
1870  
1871  
1872  
1873  
1874  
1875  
1876  
1877  
1878  
1879  
1880  
1881 

$1.55 
180 
1.80 
1.85 
1.85 
1.70 
1.70 
2.00 
2.00 
1.25 
1.15 
1.15 
1.15 
1.15 
1.25 
1.25 
1.25 
1.10 
.80 
.80 
.80 
.80 
.70 
.70 
.70 
.70 
.65 
.65 
.52 
.52 
.52 
.52 
.40 
.40 
.40 
.40 
.40 
.40 
.40 
.40 
.40 
.40 
.40 
.40 
.40 
.40 

1882  
1883 

1884  
1885 

$0.85 
.75 
.75 

1886  
1887  
1888  
1889  
1890  
1891  
1892  
1893  
1894  
1895 

"  $0.80 
.70 
.70 

.70 
.70 
.70 
.70 
.52 
.52 
.52 
.45 
.40 
.40 
.40 
.40 
.40 
.40 
.40 
.40 
.40 
.40 
.40 
.40 
.40 

.65 

.65 
.65 
.65 
.52 
.52 
.52 
.45 
.40 
.40 
.40 
.40 
.40 
.40 
.40 
.40 
.40 
.40 
.40 
.40 
.40 

"  $0.80 
.80 
.80 
.80 
.80 
.80 
.80 
.80 
.80 
.80 
.80 
.80* 
.80 
.80 
.80 
.80 
.80 
.80 
.80 
.80 

ii.oo 

.00 
.00 
.00 
.00 
.00 
.00 
.00 
1.00 
1.00 
1.00 
1.00 
1.00 
1.00 
1.00 
1.00 
1.00 
1.00 
1.00 
1.00 

$6.90 
.90 
.90 
.90 
.90 
.90 
.90 
.90 
.90 
.90 
.90 
.90 
.90 
.90 
.90 
.90 
.90 
.90 
.90 
.90 

1896  
1897  
1898  
1899  
1900 

1901  
1902  
1903  
1904  
1905 

1906  
1907            .    . 

1908  
1909  
1910  
1911  

—53— 


VESSEL  FREIGHTS  ON  IRON  ORE  TO  LOWER   LAKE  PORTS 

Reprinted  from  The  Marine  Review 


Year 

Marquettc 

Escanaba 

Duluth 
Superior 
Ashland 
Two  Harbors 

1855                       .  • 

$3.00 

1856              

3.00 

1857                               .... 

2.67 

1858 

2  09 

1859 

2.00 

1860 

2  00 

1861                               .  •  • 

2.21 

1862 

2.89 

1863                       .       .... 

3.19 

1864 

3.37 

1865                       .     

3.23 

1866           

4.17 

$3.77 

1867                               

2.98 

3.28 

1868         

3.11 

2.44 

1869                           

3.21 

2.43 

1870 

3.06 

2  40 

1871 

2.83 

207 

1872          

3.59 

2.50 

1873                           

3.44 

274 

1874 

3.84 

* 

1875 

2.87 

* 

1876 

2.54 

* 

1877 

1.40 

* 

1878                  

1.26 

.85 

1879 

1.61 

1.07 

1880                   

2.50 

1  77 

1881 

2.25 

1.55 

1882           

1.50 

1.22 

1883 

1.30 

1.11 

1884 

1.21 

98 

1885 

101 

.84 

$1.20 

1886                   

135 

1.16 

1.49 

1887 

175 

1.49 

2.11 

1888 

1.22 

.97 

1.34 

1889 

1.14 

1.00 

1.29 

1890 

1.16 

.99 

1.26 

1891 

.96 

.74 

1.05 

1892 

1.06 

.87 

1.20 

1893 

.85 

.70 

.88 

1894 

.70 

.53 

.79 

1895 

.83 

.64 

.96 

1896 

.80 

.61 

.91 

1897 

.60 

.45 

.63 

1898 

.60 

.48 

.61 

1899 

.84 

.72 

.95 

1900 

.94 

.85 

1.05 

1901 

.74 

.62 

.84 

1902 

.68 

.59 

.76 

1903 

.73 

.63 

.83 

1904                       

.61 

.54 

.70 

1905 

.70 

.60 

.76 

1906                           

.70 

.60 

.76 

1907                                  .  . 

.70 

.60 

.76 

1908 

.60 

.50 

.65 

1909 

.60 

.50 

.65 

1910                      .   .     

.65 

.55 

.70 

1911  

.55 

.45 

.60 

*No  shipment. 

Freight  rates  are  averaged. 


—54— 


Shipments  and  Receipts  of  Iron  Ore 


Shipments  by  Ranges,   Ports  and  Rail  and  Receipts  at  Lake  Erie  Ports 

Reprinted  from  the  Iron  Trade  Review 
SHIPMENTS  BY  RANGES,  GROSS  TONS 


Range 

1910 

1909 

1908 

1907 

1906 

1905 

Marquette  

4,392,726 

4,256,172 

2,414,632 

4,388,073 

4,057,187 

4,215,572 

Menominee 

4  237  738 

4  875,385 

2,679,156 

4,964,728 

5,109,088 

4,495,451 

Gogebic  

4,315,314 

4,088,057 

2,699,856 

3,637,102 

3,643,514 

3,705,207 

Vermilion.          

1,203,177 

1,108,215 

841,544 

1,685,267 

1,792,355 

1,677,186 

Mesaba 

29  201  760 

28  176  281 

17  257  350 

27  495  708 

23  819029 

20  158  699 

Baraboo  

91,682 

'  82,759 

122,449 

95,790 

144,589 

132,001 

Total  

43,442,397 

42,586,869 

26,014,987 

42,266,668 

38,565,762 

34,384,116 

SHIPMENTS  BY  PORTS  AND  ALL-RAIL,  GROSS  TONS 


Port 

1910 

1909 

1908 

1907 

1906 

1905 

Escanaba     

4,959,726 

5,747,801 

3,351,502 

5,761,988 

5,851,050 

5,307,938 

Marquette  
Ashland  
Two  Harbors 

3,248,516 
4,094,374 
8271,177 

2,909,451 
3,834,207 
9,181,132 

1,487,487 
2,513,670 
5  702,237 

3,013,826 
3,436,867 
8,188,906 

2,791,033 
3,388,106 
8  180,125 

2,977,828 
3,485,344 
7,779,850 

Superior  

8,414,799 

6,540505 

3,564,030 

7,440,386 

6,083,057 

5,118,385 

Duluth  

13,640,166 

13,470,503 

8,808,168 

13,448,736 

11,220,218 

8,807,559 

Total  by  lake... 
Total  by  rail  — 

42,628,758 
813,639 

41,683,599 
903,270 

25,427,094 

587,893 

41,288,755 
975,959 

37,513,589 
1,052,173 

33,475,904 
907,212 

Total 

43  442  397 

42  586  869 

26  014,987 

42  266  668 

38,565,762 

34,384,116 

IRON  ORE  RECEIPTS  AT  LAKE  ERIE  PORTS,  GROSS  TONS 


Port 

1910 

1909 

1908 

1907 

1906 

1905 

Toledo                  .... 

1,225,202 

1,374,224 

680,553 

1,314,140 

1,423,741 

1,006,855 

11,088 

83,043 

35,847 

51,202 

Huron  
Lorain  ... 
Cleveland  

197,951 
2,884,738 
6,344,943 

243,082 
2,796,856 
6,051,342 

213,377 

2,286,388 
4,240,815 

971,430 
2,621,025 
6,495,998 

778,453 
2,191,965 
6,604,661 

825,278 
1,605,823 

5,854,745 

Fairport  
Ashtabula  
Conneaut  
Erie 

1,516,434 
9,620,638 
6,309,548 
942  592 

1,734,277 
8,056,941 
7,007,834 
1,235,057 

1,518,961 
3,012,064 
4,798,631 
828,602 

2,437,649 
7,521,859 
5,875,937 
2,294,239 

1,861,498 
6,833,352 
5,432,370 
1,986,539 

2,008,621 
6,373,779 
5,327,552 
2,112,476 

Buffalo  

4,704,439 

5,002,235 

2,835,099 

5,580,438 

4,928,331 

3,774,928 

Detroit 

296  412 

159  889 

Total     

34,042,897 

33,672,825 

20,414,491 

35,195,758 

32,076,757 

28,941,259 

—55— 


Lake  Erie  Stock  Piles 


Iron  Ore  on  Lake  Erie  Docks  Dec.  1  and  May  1  1905-1910 

Reprinted  from  the  Iron  Trade  Review 
IRON  ORE  ON  LAKE  ERIE  DOCKS,  DEC.   1,  GROSS  TONS 


Port 

1910 

1909 

1908 

1907 

1906 

1905 

Toledo  

433,215 

332,456 

590,925 

518  645 

281  000 

368  024 

Sandusky  
Huron  

17,728 
375,118 

39,557 
477,333 

36,079 

458  158 

44,546 
415  730 

17/167 
245  499 

52,977 
208  023 

Lorain 

259  448 

407  129 

496  274 

366  271 

336321 

271  695 

Cleveland  
Fairport  
Ashtabula        

1,638,795 
839,970 
3  287,816 

1,547,142 
867,640 
2,594  359 

1,458,392 
835,821 
2  293  531 

1,281,335 
523,981 
2  056  820 

1,224,606 
590,783 
1  631  312 

1,330,619 
759,961 
1  589  951 

Conneaut.  . 

1,329,997 

1,411,002 

1,296,675 

1  ,000,774 

1,057,424 

976  976 

Erie       

792  Oil 

788  046 

730  530 

652  219 

552  631 

564  961 

Buffalo  

452,783 

501,125 

315,148 

435,407 

315,412 

315  780 

Total  

9,426,681 

8,965,789 

8,441,533 

7,385,728 

6,252,455 

6,438,967 

IRON  ORE  ON  LAKE  ERIE  DOCKS,  MAY  1,  GROSS  TONS 


Port 

1910 

1909 

1908 

1907 

1906 

1905 

Toledo  

366  63  1 

380,675 

217,788 

147,397 

52,550 

71  642 

Sandusky  
Huron  

22,468 
336,693 

31,528 
379,364 

42,256 
392,731 

5,439 
98,106 

29,320 
80  738 

44,444 
68  100 

Lorain 

205  445 

362  096 

327  052 

176  300 

140  452 

165  586 

Cleveland  
Fairport 

985,725 
541  299 

1,018,055 
562  679 

1,029,198 
225  328 

447',573 
154  246 

350,382 
266  162 

513,559 
390  869 

Ashtabula      

1,609931 

1,392,430 

1,799,454 

568,485 

462  564 

623  451 

Conneaut  
Erie  
Buffalo 

461,365 
550,187 
364  336 

497,203 
557,029 
189  209 

462,392 
595,660 
388  441 

139,853 
189,276 
50  313 

148,528 
169,488 
90  906 

96,295 
236,414 
61  271 

Total 

5  444  080 

5  370  268 

5  480  300 

1  976  988 

1  791  090 

2  271  631 

—56— 


Production  of  Iron  Ore  in  the  United  States 

In  1907  and  1908 

Reprinted  from  "The  Production  of  Iron  Ores,  Pig  Iron,  and  Steel  in  1908,"  United  States 
Geological  Survey,  1909. — By  E.  C.  Harder 


States 
Gross  Tons 

1907 

1908 

States 
Gross  Tons 

1907 

1908 

Minnesota  
Michigan 

28,969,658 
11,830342 

18,652,220 
8,839,199 

Pennsylvania  
Tennessee 

837,287 
813  690 

443,161 
635  343 

Alabama  

4,039,453 

3,734,438 

New  Jersey  

549,760 

394,767 

New  York  
Mont.,  Nev.,  N.  Mex  , 

1,375,020 

697,473 

Georgia  
Mo.  and  Iowa  

444,114 
111,768 

321,060 
98,414 

Utah,  Wy.,  Tex.,  Ark., 

[      949,925 

584,591 

North  Carolina  

50,439 

48  522 

Col    Cal  and  Wash 

Conn  and  Mass 

37  166 

28  112 

Virginia  . 

786,856 

692,223 

Ohio  

23,589 

26,585 

WVa     Kv     «.nH  MH 

«o  SOS 

CO  OOC 

Wisconsin  

838,744 

733,993 

Total  

51,720,619 

35,983,336 

Imports  of  Iron  Ore 

By  Countries,  In  1907,   1908  and  1909 


1< 

K)7 

1< 

K)8 

1< 

X)9 

Gross  Tons 

Tons 

Values 

Tons 

Values 

Tons 

Values 

Cuba             .  .        ... 

657  133 

$2  522  710 

579  668 

$1  756  091 

927  774 

$2  681  028 

Spain  

296,318 

760,801 

126,074 

331,070 

291,547 

664,460 

Greece 

23  800 

42,927 

4  580 

5311 

19080 

21,782 

89  685 

97  735 

48285 

48  285 

224  395 

330  056 

United  Kingdom       .  .    . 

5,765 

16,491 

2,028 

32,027 

869 

12,846 

Germany  
Canada  

273 
26,878 
125 

2,096 
51,328 
1  102 

602 
5,013 
1 

4,052 
16,321 

28 

3 
27,155 
3 

100 
84,613 
179 

Russia  in  Europe  

54,995 

161,697 

5,750 

15,220 

32,010 

62,418 

French  Africa 

65  940 

252  897 

37,208 

67,515 

Other  countries  

8,256 

27,699 

4,627 

15,843 

134,913 

654,081 

Total  

1,229,168 

$3,937,483 

776,898 

$2,224,248 

1,694,957 

$4,579,078 

Imports  of  Iron  Ore  For  Twenty  Years 

Totals  for  1881-1910 


Years 

Gross  Tons 

Years 

Gross  Tons 

Years 

Gross  Tons 

1881 

782  887 

1891 

912,856 

1901.. 

966,950 

1882 

589  655 

1892 

806  585 

1902  

1,165,470 

1883 

490  875 

1893 

526  951 

1903 

980  440 

1884 

487*820 

1894 

168  541 

1904  

487,613 

1885 

390  786 

1895 

524  153 

1905    

845,651 

1886 

1  039  433 

1896 

682  806 

1906 

1  060  390 

1887 

1  194  301 

1897 

489  970 

1907  

1,229,168 

1888 

587  470 

1898 

187  093 

1908     

776,898 

1889 

853  573 

1899 

674  082 

1909  

1,694,957 

1890 

1  246  830 

1900 

897  831 

1910  

2.591.C31 

Note — For  many  years  Cuba  has  annually  shipped  more  than  one-half  of  the  imported  iron  ore. 
The  above  tables  are  credited  to  the  Bureau  of  Statistics  of  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Com- 
merce and  Labor. 


—57-- 


Apparent  Annual  Iron  Ore  Consumption 

In  the  United  States 
1889-1910,  Gross  Tons 

Compiled  from  the  American  Iron  and  Steel  Association  Statistics  and  1910  Report  and 

"The  Production  of  Iron  Ores,   Pig  Iron  and  Steel  in  1908," 

United  States  Geological  Survey,  1909. — By  E.    C.  Harder 


Year 

Domestic 
Iron  Ore 
Produced 

Stocks 
of  Ore  at 
Mines 

Imports 

Exports 

Stocks  of 
Great 
Lower  Lake 
Ports 
Dec.  1 

Zinc 
Resid. 

Apparent 
Consump- 
tion 

Pig  Iron 
Produced 

1889. 

14,518,041 

2,256,973 

853,573 

2,607,106 

43,648 

14,366,562 

7,603,642 

1890. 

16,036,043 

2,000,000 

1,246,830 

3,893,487 

48,560 

16,302,025 

9,202,703 

1891. 

14,591,178 

2,450,279 

912,864 

3,508,489 

38,228 

15,476,989 

8,279,870 

1892. 

16,296,666 

2,911,740 

806,585 

4,149,451 

31,859 

16,032,687 

9,157,000 

1893. 
1894.  . 
1895.  . 

11,587,629 
11,879,679 
15,957,614 

3,526,161 
3,236,198 
2,976,494 

526,951 
167,307 
524,153 

4,070,710 
4,834,247 
4,415,712 

37,512 
26,981 
43,249 

11,616,412 
11,600,393 
17,203,255 

7,124,502 
6,657,388 
9,446,308 

1896.  . 

16,005,449 

3,405,302 

682,806 

4,954,984 

44,953 

15,765,128 

8,623,127 

1897.  . 

17,518,046 

3,098,287 

489,970 

5,923,755 

33,924 

17,380,184 

9,652,680 

1898.  . 

19,433,716 

2,846,457 

187,208 

5,136,407 

48,502 

20,708,604 

11,773,934 

1899.  . 

24,683,173 

2,320,278 

674,082 

40,665 

5,530,283 

65,010 

25,513,903 

13,620,703 

1900.. 

27,553,161 

3,709,950 

897,831 

51,460 

5,904,670 

87,110 

26,722,583 

13,789,242 

1901.. 

28,887,479 

4,239,823 

966,950 

64,703 

5,859,663 

52,311 

29,357,171 

15,878,354 

1902.. 

35,554,135 

3,834,717 

1,165,470 

88,445 

7,074,254 

65,246 

35,886,921 

17,821,307 

1903.. 

35,019,308 

6,297,888 

980,440 

80,611 

6,371,085 

73,264 

34,232,399 

18,009,252 

1904.  . 

27,644,330 

4,666,931 

487,613 

213,865 

5,763,399 

68,189 

30,224,910 

16,497,033 

1905.  . 

42,526,133 

3,812,281 

845,651 

208,017 

6,438,967 

90,289 

43,433,138 

22,992,380 

1906.. 

47,749,728 

3,281,789 

1,060,390 

265,240 

6,252,455 

93,461 

49,355,343 

25,307,191 

1907.. 

51,720,619 

3,033,110 

1,229,168 

278,208 

7,385,728 

93,413 

51,880,398 

25,781,361 

1908.. 

35,983,336 

6,065,397 

776,898 

309,099 

8,441,533 

110,225 

32,473,268 

15,936,018 

1909.. 
1910.. 

51,294.271 

6,135.271 

1,694,957 
2,591.031 

455,934 

644,875 

8,965,789 
9,426,681 

141,264 

52,080,428 

25,795,471 
27,298,545 

The  above  table  includes  data  on  certain  factors  from  which  an  approxi- 
mate estimate  of  the  annual  consumption  of  iron  ore  in  the  United  States 
is  deduced.  The  result  is  of  course  merely  an  approximation,  for  no  data 
are  available  on  certain  factors  which  should  enter  into  the  final  result. 
The  elements  accounted  for  in  the  table  and  estimate  are  (1)  domestic  iron- 
ore  production;  (2)  stock  of  ore  at  mines;  (3)  imports  of  ore;  (4)  exports 
of  ore;  (5)  stocks  of  ore  at  lake  ports;  (6)  zinc  residuum  production." 


—58— 


Production   of   Steel 

In  the  United  States 
1860-1910,  Gross  Tons 

Compiled  from  the  American  Iron  and  Steel  Association  Statistics  and  1910  Report  and 
"The  Production  of  Iron  Ores,  Pig  Iron  and  Steel  in  1908," 
United  States  Geological  Survey,  1909. — By  E.  C.  Harder 


Year 

Bessemer 

Open-Hearth 

Crucible 

Other  Steel 

Total 

1860  . 

*  11,838 

11  838 

1863       

8075 

8075 

1864 

9258 

9  258 

1865 

13  627 

13  627 

1866 

16  940 

16  940 

1867 

2  679 

16  964 

19  643 

1868 

7,589 

19,197 

26  786 

1869 

10  714 

893 

19  643 

31  250 

1870 

37,500 

1,339 

29,911 

68  750 

1871 

40  179 

1  785 

31  250 

73  214 

1872 

107  239 

2  679 

26  125 

6  911 

142  954 

1873 

152  368 

3  125 

31  059 

12  244 

198  796 

1874 

171  369 

6250 

32  436 

5  672 

215  727 

1875 

335  283 

8080 

35  180 

11  256 

389  799 

1876   

469  639 

19,187 

35  163 

9202 

533  191 

1877 

500,524 

22,349 

36098 

10  647 

569  618 

1878 

653  773 

32,255 

38309 

7  640 

731  977 

1879  

829,439 

50,259 

50  696 

4  879 

935  273 

1880         .  .    

1  074  262 

100  851 

64  664 

7  558 

1  247  335 

1881 

1  374  247 

131  202 

80  145 

2  720 

1  588  314 

1882 

1  514  687 

143  341 

75  973 

2  691 

1  736  692 

1883 

1  477  345 

119356 

71*835 

4*999 

1  673  535 

1884 

1  375  531 

117  515 

53  270 

4  563 

1  550  879 

1885 

1  519430 

133  376 

57  599 

1  515 

1*711*920 

1886 

2  269  190 

218  973 

71  973 

2  367 

2  562  503 

1887 

2  936  033 

322  069 

75  375 

5  594 

3  339  071 

1888  

2,511,161 

314,318 

70  279 

3  682 

2,899  440 

1889 

2  930  204 

374  543 

75  865 

5  120 

3  385  732 

1890  ,  

3  688,871 

513,232 

71  175 

3  793 

4  277,071 

1891 

3  247  417 

579  753 

72  586 

4  484 

3  904  240 

1892 

4  168  435 

669  889 

84  709 

4  548 

4  927  581 

1893 

3  215  686 

737  890 

63  613 

2  806 

4019  995 

1894  

3  571  313 

784  936 

51  702 

4081 

4  412  032 

1895 

4  909  128 

1  137  182 

67  666 

858 

6  114  834 

1896  

3  919  906 

1  298,700 

60  689 

2  394 

5281,689 

1897... 

5,475,315 

1,608,671 

69  959 

3012 

7,156,957 

1898  

6  609017 

2  230  292 

89747 

3  801 

8  932  857 

1899 

7  586  354 

2  947  316 

101  213 

4  974 

10  639  857 

1900  .... 

6  684  770 

3  398  135 

100  562 

4  862 

10  188  329 

1901 

8  713  302 

4  656  309 

98  513 

5  471 

13  473  595 

1902 

9  138  363 

5  687  729 

112  772 

8  386 

14  947  250 

1903  

8  592  829 

5  829  911 

102  434 

9,804 

14,534,978 

1904 

7  859  140 

5  908  166 

83  391 

9  190 

13  859  887 

1905 

10  941  375 

8  971  376 

102  233 

8  963 

20  023  947 

1906  

12  275  830 

10  980  413 

127  513 

14  380 

23  398,136 

1907... 

11  667  549 

1  1  549  736 

131  234 

14,075 

23,362,594 

1908 

6  116  755 

7  836  729 

63  631 

6  132 

14  0232  47 

1909 

9  330  783 

14  493  936 

107  355 

22  947 

23  955  021 

1910  

9,4  12*722 

16*504*509 

122*303 

55,365 

26,094,919 

*Part  of  the  1860-1871  Crucible  Steel  Production  should  be  credited  to  "Other  Steel." 
"The  first  steel  produced  in  this  country  was  probably  made  in  Connecticut  in  1728  by  Samuel 
Higley  and  Joseph  Dewey.  Crucible  steel  was  first  successfully  produced  in  the  United  States  in 
1832  at  the  works  of  William  and  John  H.  Garrard,  at  Cincinati,  Ohio.  Bessemer  steel  was  first 
made  in  thia  country  in  September  1864,  by  William  F.  Durfee  at  an  experimental  plant  at 
Wyandotte,  Mich.,  and  open-hearth  steel  in  1864  by  the  New  Jersey  Steel  and  Iron  Company  at 
Trenton,  N.  J." 


—59— 


Production  of  Finished  Rolled  Steel  and  Iron 


In  the  United  States  1887-1909 


Reprinted  from  American  Iron  and  Steel  Association  Report  1910 


Years 

Iron  and 
Steel  Rails 
Gross 
Tons 

Plates  and 
Sheets,  Ex- 
cept Nail 
Plate 

Wire 
Rods 
Gross 
Tons 

Structural 
Shapes,  Not 
Including 
Plates 

Nail 
Plate 
Gross 
Tons 

Bars, 
Hoops,  and 
all  Other 
Forms 

Total 
Gross 
Tons 

1887  .  . 

2,139,640 

603,355 

308,432 

2,184,279 

|*H 

5,235,706 

1888 

1  403  700 

609  827 

279  769 

289  891 

2  034  162 

4  617  349 

1889  

1,522,204 

716,496 

363,851 

259,409 

2,374,968 

5,236,928 

1890 

1  885  307 

809  981 

457  099 

251  828 

2,618  660 

6  022  875 

1891  

1,307,176 

678,927 

536,607 

223,312 

2,644,941 

5,390,963 

1892 

1  551  844 

751  460 

627  829 

453  957 

201  242 

2  579  482 

6  165  814 

1893... 

1,136,458 

674  345 

537,272 

387,307 

136,113 

2,104,190 

4,975,685 

1894 

1  021  772 

682  900 

673  402 

360  305 

108  262 

1,795,570 

4,642  211 

1895.  . 

1,306  135 

991  459 

791,130 

517,920 

95,085 

2,487,845 

6,189,574 

1896 

1  122  010 

965  776 

623  986 

495  571 

72  137 

2  236  361 

5  515841 

1897 

1  647  892 

1  207  286 

970  736 

583,790 

94,054 

2,497,970 

7,001,728 

1898  

1,981,241 

1,448,301 

1,071,683 

702,197 

70,188 

3,239,760 

8,513,370 

1899               

2,272  700 

1  903  505 

1  036  398 

850,376 

85,015 

4,146,425 

10,294,419 

1900  

2,385,682 

1,794,528 

846,291 

815,161 

70,245 

3,575,536 

9,487,443 

1901 

2,874  639 

2  254  425 

1  365  934 

1,013,150 

68,850 

4,772,329 

12,349,327 

1902  

2,947,933 

2,665,409 

1,574,293 

1,300,326 

72,936 

5,383,219 

13,944,116 

1903 

2,992  477 

2  599  665 

1  503  455 

1,095,813 

64,102 

4,952,185 

13,207,697 

1904  

2,284,711 

2,421,398 

1,699,028 

949,146 

61,601 

4,597,497 

12,013,381 

1905 

3  375  929 

3  532  230 

1  808  688 

1,660,519 

64,542 

6,398,107 

16,840,015 

1906  

3,977,887 

4,182,156 

1,871,614 

2,118,772 

54,211 

7,383,828 

19,588,468 

1907 

3  633  654 

4  248  832 

2  017,583 

1,940,352 

52,027 

7,972,374 

]  9,864,822 

1908  
1909 

1,921,015 
3  023  845 

2  1649,693 
4  234  346 

1,816,949 
2  335,685 

1,083,181 
2,275,562 

45,747 
63,746 

4,311,608 
7,711,506 

11,828,193 
19,644,690 

Rolled  forging  blooms  and  forging  billets  are  included  from  1905. 
shapes  were  included  with  bars,  hoops,  etc. 


Prior  to  1892  structural 


—60— 


Production  of  Coke 


In  the  United  States  1907-1908 

Reprinted  from  American  Iron  and  Steel  Association  Report  1910 


States—  Net  Tons 

1907 

1908 

Pennsylvania  
West  Virginia  

26,513,214 
4,112,896 

15,511,634 
2,637,123 

Alabama 

3  021  794 

2  362  666 

Indiana,     Kentucky,     Maryland,     Massachusetts, 
Michigan,    Minnesota,    Montana,    New    Jersey, 
New  York,  Oklahoma,  and  Wisconsin  
Virginia 

2,655,610 
1,545  280 

2,286,092 
1  162  051 

Colorado  and  Utah          .        

1,421,579 

982  291 

Illinois    

372,697 

362  182 

New  Mexico    

265,125 

274  565 

Tennessee  
Ohio  

467,499 
270,634 

214,528 
159,578 

Georgia  

74,934 

39,422 

Washington  

52,028 

38,889 

Kansas 

6  274 

2  497 

Total  . 

40.779.564 

26.033.518 

Shipments  and  Prices  of  Connellsville  Coke 

1881-1910 

Reprinted  from  American  Iron  and  Steel  Association  Report  1910 


Calendar 
Years 

Total 
Ovens 

Shipments 
Net  Tons 

Aver- 
age 
Price 

Calendar 
Years 

Total 
Ovens 

Shipments 
Net  Tons 

Aver- 
age 
Price 

1881.. 

1882 

8,208 
9,283 

2,639,002 
3,043,394 

$1.63 

1  47 

1896.. 
1897 

18,351 

18  628 

5,411,602 
6  915  052 

1.90 
1  65 

1883. 

10,176 

3,552,402 

.14 

1898 

18  643 

8  460  112 

1  55 

1884  
1885  
1886  

1887  

1-0,543 
10,471 
10,952 
11,923 

3,192,105 
3,096,012 
4,180,521 
4,146,989 

.13 
.22 
.36 
.79 

1899..  .. 
1900..  .. 
1901  
1902..  . 

19,689 
20,954 
21,575 
26,329 

10,129,764 
10,166,234 
12,609,949 
14,138,740 

2.00 
2.70 
1.95 
2  37 

1888  
1889  
1890  
1891.  .  .  . 

13,975 
14,458 
16,020 
17,204 

4,955,553 
5,930,428 
6,464,156 
4,760,665 

1.19 
1.34 
1.94 
1  87 

1903  
1904  
1905..  .  . 
1906 

28,092 
29,119 
30,842 
34  059 

13,345,230 
12,427,468 
17,896,526 
19  999  326 

3.00 
1.75 
2.26 
2  75 

1892  
1893  
1894  
1895  

17,256 
17,513 
17,834 
17,947 

6,329,452 
4,805,623 
5,454,451 
8,244,438 

1.83 
1.49 
1.00 
1.23 

1907..  .. 
1908..  .. 
1909..  .. 
1910.... 

35,697 
37,842 
39,158 
39,137 

19,029,058 
10,700,022 

17,785,832 
18,689,722 

2.90 
1.80 
2.00 
2.10 

Freight  Rates  per  Net  Ton  for  1911  on  Furnace  Coke 

Connellsville  Field  to 


Pittsburgh $0.75 

Youngstown 1.35 

Cleveland 1.65 

Buffalo..,  .    1.85 


Philadelphia  an df »«  nn 
Schuylkill  Valley  t$2-°° 
Chicago 2.35 


—61— 


Rail  Freights  on   Iron  Ore 
1890-1910 

Rate  per  Gross  Ton  from  Lake  Erie  Docks 
Specially  compiled  by  Rukard  Hurd  for  this  Manual. 


Year 

Cleveland,  Fairport,  Lorain 
and  Ashtabula 

Buffalo  and  Erie 
To 
Philadelphia 
and 
Schuylkill 
Valley 

To 
Youngstown 

To 

Pittsburgh 

1890.  . 

$0.625 
.625 
.625 
.675 
.675 

.675 
.625 
.625 
.59 
.59 

.69 
.69 
.69 
.69 
.69 

.69 
.69 
.69 
.69 
.64 
.64 

$1.05 
1.05 
1.05 
1.15 
1.15 

1.15 
1.05 
1.05 
.98 
.98 

1.18 
1.18 
1.18 
1.18 
1.18 

1.18 
1.18 
1.18 
1.18 
1.04 
1.04 

$1.36 
1.36 
1.36 
1.46 
1.46 

.46 
.46 
.28 
.33 
.33 

.43 
.43 
.43 
.43 
.43 

1.43 
1.43 
1.53 
1.53 
1.53 
1.53 

1891  

1892  

1893  

1894  

1895  

1896  

1897  

1898  

1899  

1900  

1901  

1902  

1903  

1904  

1905  

1906  

1907  

1908  

1909  

1910  

Note — For  direct  load,  vessel  to  car,  the  above  rates  are  8  cents  per  ton  less. 


—62— 


UNIVERSITY 

Of 


Production  and  Price  of  Limestone  for 
Furnace  Flux 

1906-1909,   Gross  Tons 
WITH  1911   RAIL   FREIGHTS 

From  United  States  Geological  Survey  Report  and  other  Sources 
Compiled  by  Rukard  Hurd  for  this  Manual 


STATES 

1906 

1907 

Quantity 
Gross 
Tons 

Value 

Value 
per  ton 
Cents 

Quantity 
Gross 
Tons 

Value 

Value 
per  ton 
Cents 

Pennsylvania  

6,396,765 
909,375 
500,702 
3,098,346 
43,574 
513,452 
803,643 
1,019,931 
552,651 
467,341 

$3,168,186 
384,282 
210,124 
1,013,497 
28,381 
294,659 
473,062 
513,413 
301,913 
219,707 

.49 
.42 
.42 
.33 
.65 
.57 
.59 
.50 
.55 
.47 

7,178,508 
970,158 
577,052 
2,497,616 
55,371 
584,964 
939,437 
1,063,772 
672,801 
541,610 

$3,829,967 
423,315 
279,838 
1,134,793 
43,612 
343,866 
604,654 
528,587 
397,244 
275,517 

.53 
.44 
.48 
.45 
.79 
.59 
.64 
.50 
.59 
.51 

Illinois      

Indiana       

Ohio        

Missouri    

New  York  

Alabama  

West  Virginia  .... 
Colorado 

Virginia 

Total  
All  others  
Grand  total  &  av.. 

14,305,780 

$6,607,224 

.46 

15,081,289 

$7,861,393 

.52 

1,771,422 

$1,005,468 

.57 

2,038,008 

$1,283,096 

.63 

16,077,202 

$7,612,692 
1908 

.47 

17,119,297 

$9,144,489 
1909 

.53 

Pennsylvania  
Illinois    

4,350,381 
1,209,326 
272,505 
1,444,412 
18,524 
357,194 
582,958 
666,087 
441,490 
289,369 

$2,324,173 
540,718 
139,703 
635,354 
14,678 
205,758 
386,874 
337,742 
276,146 
169,847 

.53 
.45 
.51 
.44 

.79 
.58 
.66 
.51 
.62 
.59 

4,593,822 
1,820,590 
369,938 
2,161,681 
43,909 
580,802 
974,650 
900,993 
462,291 
388,746 

$3,165,872 
714,631 
190,809 
1,130,082 
31,075 
343,891 
512,585 
492,497 
267,806 
213,444 

.48 
.39 
.51 
.52 
.70 
.59 
.52 
.54 
.58 
.55 

Indiana  

Ohio 

Missouri 

New  York 

Alabama          .  .  . 

West  Virginia  .... 
Colorado    

Virginia    

Total 

9,632,246 

$5,030,993 

.52 

14,297,422 

$7,062,692 

.49 

All  others  

1,459,196 

874,248 

.60 

1,475,441 

859,115 

.58 

Grand  total  &  av.. 

11,091,442 

$5,905,241 

.53 

15,772,863 

$7,921,807 

.50 

1911  Freight  Rates  on  Limestone  per  Gross  Ton  from  Adjacent  Quarries 


To  Pittsburg, 
Youngstown, 
Cleveland, 
Buffalo, 


65  cents 
35      " 
50      " 
35+  " 


To  Chicago, 

Philadelphia, 
Schuylkill  Valley, 


20+  cents 

80 

65 


—63— 


Average  Annual  Prices  at  Pittsburgh 

1891-1900 

Bessemer  Iron  Ore 

Bessemer  Pig  Iron  and  Bessemer  Steel  Billets 

From  Statistics  of  the  American  Iron  and  Steel  Association 

and  The  Iron  Trade  Review 

Compiled  by  Rukard  Hurd 


—64— 


Average  Annual  Prices  at  Pittsburgh 

1901-1910 

Bessemer  Iron  Ore 

Bessemer  Pig  Iron  and  Bessemer  Steel  Billets 

From  Statistics  of  the  American  Iron  and  Steel  Association 

and  The  Iron  Trade  Review 

Compiled  by  Rukard  Hurd 


—65— 


Average  Yearly  Prices  at  Pittsburgh 
1890-1910 

Bessemer  Iron  Ore,  Bessemer  Pig  Iron,  Bessemer  Steel  Billets 

Average  Yearly  Price  Bessemer  Ore 

at  Cleveland,  Youngstown,  Pittsburgh,  Philadelphia  and  Schuylkill  Valley  Points 

From  American  Iron  and  Steel  Association  records  for  prices  on  Pig  Iron  and 

Steel  Billets,  and  the  Iron  Trade  Review  for  Ore  Prices 

Specially  compiled  by  Rukard  Hurd  for  this  Manual 


Average  Price  Bessemer  Ore 

Average  Pittsburgh 

With  Freight  Added 

JT  rices 

Year 

Cleveland 

and  all 

Philadel- 

Lower Lake 
Ports 

phia  and 
Schuylkill 

Youngs- 
town 

Pittsburgh 

Bessemer 
Pig 

Bessemer 
Steel 

Valley 

Iron 

Billets 

1890.. 

$5.50 

$6.86 

$6.125 

$6.55 

$18.87 

$  

1891.... 

4.50 

5.86 

5.125 

5.55 

15.95 

25.33 

1892.... 

4.50 

5.86 

5.125 

5.55 

14.37 

23.63 

1893.... 

3.85 

5.31 

4.525 

5.00 

12.87 

20.44 

1894.... 

2.75 

4.21 

3.425 

3.90 

11.38 

16.58 

1895.... 

2.90 

4.36 

3.575 

4.05 

12.72 

18.48 

1896.... 

4.00 

5.28 

4.625 

5.05 

12.14 

18.83 

1897  ... 

2.60 

3.93 

3.225 

3.65 

10.13 

15.08 

1898.... 

2.75 

3.93 

3.34 

3.73 

10.33 

15.31 

1899  ... 

3.00 

4.43 

3.59 

3.98 

19.03 

31.12 

1900.... 

5.50 

6.93 

6.19 

6.68 

19.43 

25.06 

1901.... 

4.25 

5.68 

4.94 

5.43 

15.93 

24.13 

1902.... 

4.25 

5.68 

4.94 

5.43 

20.67 

30.57 

1903.... 

4.50 

5.93 

5.19 

5.68 

18.98 

27.91 

1904.... 

3.25 

4.68 

3.94 

4.43 

13.76 

22.18 

1905.... 

3.75 

5.18 

4.44 

4.93 

16.36 

24  .  03 

1906.... 

4.25 

5.68 

4.94 

5.43 

19.54 

27.45 

1907.... 

5.00 

6.53 

5.74 

6.14 

22.84 

29.25 

1908.... 

4.50 

6.03 

5.24 

5.64 

17.07 

26.31 

1909.... 

4.50 

6.03 

5.14 

5.54 

17.41 

24.62 

1910.... 

5.00 

6.53 

5.64 

6.04 

17.19 

25.38 

—66— 


Geological  Map 

Lake  Superior 

Pre-Cambrian  Iron  Bearing  Districts 
Furnished  by  The  Iron  Age* 


!From  issue  of  March  9,  1911 


—67— 


Geology  and  Mineralogy 

FOREWORD 

This  Article  Should   be  used   in   Connection  with  the  Following   Reprint  on 
"The  Geology  and   Mineralogy  of  the  Lake  Superior  District" 

In  Monograph  52  of  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey  just  issued  from  the 
press,  C.  R.  Van  Hise  and  C.  K.  Leith  summarize  the  geology  of  the  Lake 
Superior  region  and  its  ore  deposits.  This  is  the  first  comprehensive  at- 
tempt to  consider  the  geology  of  the  region  as  a  whole  in  any  of  the  U.  S. 
Geological  Survey  reports.  The  monograph  is  accompanied  by  revised 
geological  maps  of  all  the  iron  ranges  and  a  general  geological  map  of  the 
entire  region.  In  connection  with  the  present  report,  we  are  interested 
principally  in  the  treatment  of  the  iron  formations  and  the  iron  ores.  It 
is  shown  that  the  iron  formations  of  the  region  belong  to  three  geological 
periods,  and  that  the  last  of  these  periods,  the  upper  Huronian  (which  in- 
cludes the  Mesaba  and  Cuyuna  districts  of  Minnesota)  contains  over  75% 
of  the  known  ore  of  Lake  Superior.  The  total  area  of  the  iron  formations  of 
the  Lake  Superior  region  is  227  square  miles,  but  the  iron  ores  occupy  only 
a  small  fraction  of  this  area. 

The  ores  are  concentrated  in  the  upper  parts  of  the  iron  formation.  The 
concentration  is  mainly  accomplished  by  percolating  waters  taking  out  the 
silica,  usually  leaving  the  ores  very  porous;  but  sometimes  this  action  is 
followed  by  slumping  of  the  ore  or  by  crushing  during  the  folding  with 
the  result  that  pore  space  is  eliminated.  The  concentration  takes  place 
where  the  percolating  waters  are  able  to  flow  freely.  These  places  are 
determined  by  a  great  variety  of  conditions,  such  as  folds,  impervious  base- 
ments, bedding,  etc.  Other  things  being  equal,  it  is  obvious  that  the  iron 
formations  with  the  largest  area  of  exposure  at  the  rock  surface  is  the 
one  which  would  have  the  most  chance  of  being  entered  by  concentrating 
waters  from  the  surface.  A  comparison  of  the  ore  reserves  of  different 
areas  shows  that  they  are  roughly  proportional  to  the  area  of  exposure.  For 
instance,  the  Mesaba  iron  formation,  with  a  flat  dip  and  a  correspondingly 
wide  area  of  exposure,  shows  a  high  reserve,  while  the  equally  thick  Gogebic 
formation,  standing  steeply  and  therefore  with  smaller  exposure,  has  a 
much  smaller  reserve. 

The  ores  are  fully  described  with  reference  to  chemical,  mineralogical 
and  physical  characteristics,  with  the  aid  of  many  tables  of  quantitative 
determinations  and  graphic  diagrams,  prepared  with  the  co-operation  of  Mr. 
W.  J.  Mead.  Some  of  the  quantitative  data  for  the  first  time  presented, 
cover  the  average  chemical  and  mineralogical  composition  for  each  district 
and  for  the  region  as  a  whole,  the  porosity,  the  density,  the  cubic  contents  per 
ton,  phosphorus  distribution,  etc.  The  phosphorus  tables  show  clearly  that 
the  phosphorus  is  associated  with  the  iron  rather  than  silica,  and  by  taking 
out  silica  in  the  concentration  of  the  ores,  whether  in  nature  or  artifically 
by  washing,  as  in  the  western  Mesaba,  phosphorus  is  increased. 

Of  especial  note  is  a  new  conception  of  the  ultimate  source  of  the  iron 
formations.  They  are  sediments  thought  to  be  derived  from  basic  volcanic 
rocks  which  were  abundantly  extruded  over  this  area  both  before  and  during 
the  deposition  of  the  sediments.  Some  of  these  volcanic  rocks  were  sub- 
marine extrusives,  which  may  have  contributed  hot  iron-bearing  solutions 
directly  to  the  sea  in  which  the  iron-bearing  sediments  were  being  deposited. 


The  Geology  and  Mineralogy 

of  the 

Lake  Superior  Iron  Districts 


Occurrence   of  Iron   Ores  in  the  Lake  Superior 
Districts  of  the  United  States 


Reprint  from  "The  Production  of  Iron  Ores,  Pig  Iron,  and  Steel  in  1908," 
published  by  the  United  States  Geological  Survey,  1909. — By   E.    C.  Harder 


Iron  minerals  are  classified  as  sulphides,  oxides,  carbonates,  silicates, 
etc.,  of  which  only  the  oxides  and  carbonates  are  used  in  the  steel  industry. 
The  ores  of  iron  are  generally  classed  under  four  heads: 

1.  Hematite:     Including  all  the  anhydrous  sesquioxides  (Pe2  O3— theoret- 

ical percentage  of  iron,  70).  This  is  known  locally  as  red  hema- 
tite, specular  ore,  gray  ore,  fossil  ore,  oolitic  ore  etc. 

2.  Brown  ore:     Including  hydrated  sesquioxides,  such  as  limonite,  goth- 

ite,  and  turgite  (Fe2  O3  nH2O  -theoretical  percentage  of  iron,  59.8- 
66).  This  is  known  locally  as  brown  iron  ore,  brown  hematite,  bog 
ore,  limonite,  etc. 

3.  Magnetite:     Including  magnetic  oxides  (pe3  O4 — theoretical  percent- 

age of  iron,  72.4).  Magnetite  is  known  generally  as  magnetic  iron 
ore. 

4.  Iron  carbonate:     Including  carbonates  of  various  types    (Fe  CO3 — 

theoretical  percentage  of  iron,  48.2).  Iron  carbonate  is  known  lo- 
cally as  spathic  iron  ore,  kidney  ore,  black  band  ore,  siderite,  etc. 

—69— 


Hematite  has  always  been  predominant  as  an  ore  of  iron,  and  at  present 
constitutes  almost  nine-tenths  of  the  iron  ores  produced.  Brown  ore  and 
magnetite  are  far  below  it  in  importance,  each  furnishing  at  present  about 
one-twentieth  of  the  total  iron-ore  production.  The  production  of  iron  car- 
bonate is  insignificant  in  comparison  with  that  of  the  other  ores,  constituting 
only  about  one-twentieth  of  1  per  cent  of  the  total. 


For  purposes  of  description,  the  iron-ore  deposits  of  the  United  States 
may  be  conveniently  grouped  into  three  districts — the  eastern  district,  the 
central  district,  and  the  western  district.  The  eastern  district  includes  the 
northeastern  and  southeastern  commercial  districts,  the  central  district  in- 
cludes the  Mississippi  Valley  and  Lake  Superior  districts,  and  the  western 
district  includes  the  Rocky  Mountain  and  Pacific  Slope  districts. 

The  following  descriptions  are  partly  the  result  of  personal  observation 
and  partly  summarized  from  various  reports.  A  bibliography  of  the  prin- 
cipal articles  on  iron  ores  of  the  United  States  is  given  at  the  end  of  this 
report.  Some  of  the  descriptions  of  the  western  deposits  were  taken  from 
unpublished  notes  kindly  furnished  the  survey  by  Mr.  R.  C.  Hills  and  Mr.  O. 
A.  Hershey. 


Central   District 

The  iron  ores  of  the  central  district  may  be  classified  as 
follows. 

Hematite: 

Soft,  hard,  and  specular  hematite  associated  with  the  pre-Cambrian  iron 
formations  of  the  Marquette,  Menominee,  Penokee-Gogebic,  Mesabi, 
Vermilion,  Cuyuna,  and  Baraboo  ranges,  Lake  Superior  district. 


Clinton  hematite  in  east-central  Wisconsin  and  in  Missouri. 

************* 
Brown  Ore. 

Bog  ore  in  central  and  northwestern  Wisconsin. 

—70— 


Magnetite: 

Magnetite  formed  by  regional  and  contact  metamorpbism  of  the  pre- 
Cambrian  hematite  deposits  in  the  Marquette,  Mesabi,  and  Gunflint 
ranges,  Lake  Superior  district. 

Titaniferous  magnetite  in  gabbro  in  northern  Minnesota. 
Iron  carbonate: 

Iron  carbonate  and  silicate  composing  the  unaltered  iron  formation  in 
the  Lake  Superior  district. 


HEMATITE 

Lake  Superior  Hematite. — The  Lake  Superior  hematite  deposits  consti- 
tute by  far  the  most  important  type  of  iron  ore  in  the  United  States  and  yield 
about  four-fifths  of  the  total  annual  product.  They  are  grouped  into  seven 
minor  districts  or  ranges,  viz:  The  (a)  Vermilion,  (b)  Mesabi,  and  (c) 
Cuyuna  ranges  of  northern  Minnesota;  the  (d)  Penokee-Gogebic,  (e)  Mar- 
quette (including  the  Republic  and  Swanzy  areas),  and  (f)  Menominee  (in- 
cluding the  Crystal  Falls,  Iron  River,  Metropolitan  and  Florence  areas) 
ranges  of  northern  Michigan  and  Wisconsin,  and  the  (g)  Baraboo  range  of 
southern  Wisconsin.  Other  districts  with  similar  ore  occur  in  Ontario  and 
north  and  northeast  of  Lake  Superior. 

The  rocks  of  the  Lake  Superior  district  range  in  age  from  Archean  to 
Cambrian  with  the  following  succession: 

Succession  of  Rocks  in  Lake  Superior  Iron-ore  District 

Cambrian: 

Potsdam  sandstone. 

Algonkian: 

Keweenawan  series  (sediments,  trap,  gabbro,  etc.). 

Huronian  series: 

Upper  Huronian  quartzite,  iron  formation,  and  slate. 
Middle  Huronian  quartzite,  iron  formation,  and  slate. 
Lower  Huronian  quartzite,  conglomerate,  dolomite,  slate,  iron  forma- 
tion and  instrusives. 

Archean: 

Laurentian  series  (granite,  gneiss,  and  porphyry). 

Keewatin  series  (greenstone,  basic  schists,  and  iron  formation). 

Of  these  rocks  only  the  upper  and  middle  Huronian  and  the  Keewatin 
contain  productive  iron-ore  deposits.  (*)  Iron  ores  occur  in  the  upper  Huron- 
ian, in  the  Mesaba,  Cuyuna,  Penokee-Gogebic,  and  Menominee  districts;  in 
ttie  middle  Huronian,  in  the  Baraboo  district;  in  both  the  upper  and  the 
middle  Huronian,  in  the  Marquette  district;  and  in  the  Keewatin,  in  the 
Vermilion  district. 


*Leith,  C.  K.,  a  summary  of  Lake  Superior  geology  with  special  reference  t<? 
recent  studies  of  the  iron-bearing  series.  Bimo.  Bull.  Am.  Inst.  Min.  Eng.  No.  3, 
1905,  p.  453. 

—71— 


The  iron  ores  are  contmed  to  the  iron  formations,  in  which  they  occur 
as  local  concentration  deposits,  resulting  largely  from  the  leaching  out  of 
silica  from  the  iron  formation,  though  partly  from  additional  precipitation  of 
iron  oxide.  The  iron  formations  are  bedded  deposits  consisting  chiefly  of  a 
mixture  of  chert  or  quartz  and  ferric  oxide  segregated  in  Dands  or  mingled 
irregularly.  Banded  iron  formation  which  has  become  highly  crystalline 
through  metamorphism  and  in  which  the  bands  are  bright  red  is  known  as 
jasper.  The  ordinary  reddish-gray  iron  formation  consisting  of  banded  or 
irregularly  intermingled  chert  and  iron  oxide  is  known  as  ferruginous  chert; 
on  the  Mesabi  range  the  local  name  "taconite"  is  appiled  to  it.  There  are 
many  other  subordinate  phases  of  the  iron  formations  resulting  from  meta- 
morphism or  from  an  admixture  with  other  sediments.  Locally,  masses  of 
cherty  iron  carbonate  and  hydrous  ferrous  silicate  (greenaiitej  occur,  which 
are  supposed  to  be  remnants  of  the  original  form  in  which  the  iron  forma- 
tions were  deposited.  Greenalite  is  characteristic  of  the  Mesabi  district, 
and  cherty  iron  carbonate  occurs  in  all  the  other  districts.  The  ferruginous 
chert  was  formed  by  the  weathering  of  the  iron  carbonate  and  greenalite. 
Where  the  cherty  iron  carbonate  has  been  altered  by  contact  or  regional 
metamorphism,  local  areas  of  amphibole-magnetite  rocks  occur.  Where  the 
ferruginous  chert  was  metamorphosed,  jasper  is  found.  Frequently  layers 
and  lenses  of  slate  are  found  interbedded  with  the  iron  formation,  and  these 
show  all  gradations  to  ferruginous  chert.  Paint  rock,  a  decomposed  slate 
deeply  stained  and  impregnated  with  ferric  oxide,  is  characteristic  of  many 
of  the  iron-ore  deposits.  It  forms  from  slate  lenses  at  tue  same  time  that 
the  alteration  of  the  surrounding  iron  formation  to  iron  ore  and  ferruginous 
chert  is  taking  place.  The  last  and  most  important  phase  of  the  iron  forma- 
tion is  the  iron  ore  itself,  which  occurs  locally  along  the  outcrop  of  the  iron 
formation  where  meteoric  waters  have  had  a  chance  to  operate  and  where 
favorable  conditions  for  concentration  prevail. 

The  rocks  have  suffered  folding,  faulting,  and  metamorphism  to  varying 
degrees  in  the  different  ranges  and  these  have  influenced  the  form  and  char- 
acter of  the  ore  deposits,  so  that  there  is  considerable  valuation  in  different 
districts  and  different  parts  of  the  same  district. 

Vermilion  Range 

(a)  The  Vermilion  range  is  in  northern  Minnesota  in  the  northern  part 
of  St.  Louis  and  Lake  counties.    The  principal  ore  deposits  are  in  the  vicinity 
of  Tower  and  Ely,  and  occur  in  iron  formation  of  Keewatin  age.    The  rocks 
are  intricately  folded  and  intensely  metamorphosed,  so  that  the  iron  forma- 
tion is  largely  altered  to  jasper.    The  country  rock  is  for  the  most  part  green- 
stone in  which  the  jasper  is  infolded  in  local  syn clinical  basins  or  trough,  so 
that  areally  it  occurs  in  small  patches  surrounded  by  greenstone.    The  ores 
are  associated  with  the  jasper  in  these  troughs  and  generally  have  a  foot 
wall  of  greenstone.    They  consist  of  dense,  hard,  blue  or  red  hematite,  often 
brecciated  but  rarely  specular. 

Mesabi   Range 

(b)  The  Mesabi  range  is  in  central  St.  Louis  and  southeastern  Itasca 
counties,  Minn.     The  principal  ore  deposits  are  in  the  vicinity  of  Mesaba, 
Colby,  Biwabik,  McKinley,  Sparta,  Eveleth,  Virginia,  Mountain  Iron,  Buhl, 
Chisholm,  Hibbing,  Stevenson,  and  Nashwauk.    The  rocks  of  this  region  have 
suffered  less   folding  and  metamorphism  than  those   of  tne   other  ranges. 
They  dip  slightly  to  the  southeast,  so  that  the  iron  formation  outcrops  In  a 

—72— 


general  northeast-southwest  belt.  There  are  minor  transverse  folds.  Above 
the  iron  formation  and  to  the  south  is  a  thick  slate;  underneath  it  is  a  thin 
quartzite  underlain  by  granite  or  graywacke  and  slate  of  lower-middle  Huron- 
ian  age,  the  former  composing  the  Giants  range  north  of  the  district.  The 
iron  formation  is  largely  ferruginous  chert,  but  at  the  eastern  end  of  the 
range  a  heavy  gabbro  formation  has  metamorphosed  it  to  amphibole-magnet- 
ite  rock. 

The  iron  ores  cover  large  areas  along  the  outcrop  of  the  iron  formation  and 
are  irregular  in  their  occurrence,  though  in  general  they  are  best  developed 
and  most  abundant  at  the  minor  transverse  folds.  The  deposits  are  very 
irregular  in  shape,  frequently  having  big  arms  extending  from  the  main  de- 
posits, and  these  in  places  connect  with  other  deposits.  They  are  of  great 
horizontal  extent  as  compared  with  their  vertical  extent,  being  usually  not 
more  than  200  feet  in  depth,  while  they  may  extend  continuously  in  a  hori- 
zontal direction  for  a  mile  or  more.  Mining  is  carried  on  largely  in  large, 
shallow,  open  pits,  the  ore  being  loaded  with  steam  shovels  directly  on  rail- 
way cars  and  shipped  without  concentration.  There  are  a  few  underground 
mines,  and  here  the  mining  is  carried  on  either  by  milling  or  by  the  regular 
underground  methods. 

The  ore  is  a  soft  porous  brown,  red,  or  blue  hematite  of  high  grade.  It 
shows  the  layering  of  the  original  iron  formation,  and  in  places  the  ore  layers 
can  be  traced  directly  into  the  iron  formation  bounding  the  deposit.  The  ore 
layers  generally  show  a  slumping  near  the  contact,  showing  that  material 
has  been  leached  from  the  iron  formation  during  the  process  of  ore  concen- 
tration. In  many  instances  ore  bodies  are  bounded  by  joint  planes.  The  fol- 
lowing description  of  the  factors  controlling  the  ore  deposition  on  the  Mesabi 
range  is  given  by  Leith:* 

The  agent  of  the  alteration  is  water,  coming  more  or  less  directly  from 
the  surface,  carrying  oxygen  and  carbon  dioxide.  The  concentration  of  the 
ores  has  been  found  to  occur  where  such  waters  have  been  converged.  Vari- 
ous factors  have  determined  this  convergence — fracturing  and  brecciation  of 
the  iron  formation,  existence  of  impervious  layers  in  such  attitudes  as  either 
to  converge  waters  coming  from  above  or  to  impound  the  waters"  and  deflect 
their  course  between  two  layers.  *  *  *  The  iron  formation  and  its  asso- 
ciated rocks  lie  in  beds  on  the  south  slope  of  the  Giants  range,  and  dip  off 
gently  to  the  south  at  angles  averaging  from  8  degrees  to  10  degrees.  In 
addition  to  the  general  southward  tilting  of  the  beds,  they  are  gently  flexed 
into  folds  with  axes  transverse  to  the  trend  of  the  range.  Waters  falling  on 
the  south  slope  of  the  Giants  range,  and  flowing  to  the  south,  enter  the  eroded 
edges  of  the  iron  formation  and  continue  their  way  down  along  its  layers, 
some  of  which  are  pervious  and  some  of  which  are  slaty  and  comparatively 
impervious  to  water.  The  flow  thus  tends  to  become  concentrated  along  the 
axes  of  the  synclines  which  pitch  gently  to  the  southward.  Such  synclines 
are  not  necessarily  surface  troughs.  They  are  evidenced  by  the  attitude  of 
the  layers  of  the  iron  formation,  and  may  not  be  apparent  in  the  unequally 
eroded  rock  surface  or  at  the  surface  of  the  irregular  covering  of  glacial  drift. 
*  *  *  Further  study  shows  that  other  factors  modify  the  circulation  of 
water  and  the  localization  of  the  ore,  and  that  these  secondary  factors  may 
be  locally  dominant. 

The  most  important  of  these  modifying  factors  is  the  fracturing  of  the 
iron  formation  which  has  furnished  numerous  trunk  channels  for  the  circula- 

*Leith.  C.  K.,  a  summary  of  Lake  Superior  geology  with  special  reference  to 
recent  studies  of  the  iron-bearing  series:  Bimo.  Bull.  Am.  Inst.  Min.  Eng.,  No.  3, 
1905,  pp.  485,  488,  489. 

—73— 


tion  of  underground  waters.  The  water  has  been  confined  to  narrow,  irregu- 
lar, and  most  devious  trunk  channels  formed  by  the  fracturing  of  the  iron 
formation,  and  while  it  has  probably  followed  the  fracture  openings  along 
synclines  to  a  greater  extent  than  along  anticlines,  it  has  not  filled  the  entire 
syncline  formed  by  the  folding  of  the  iron  formation.  The  result  is  that  the 
ores  have  developed  along  limited  and  irregular  areas  within  the  synclines. 
They  may  occupy  a  considerable  part  of  the  syncline,  in  which  case  the  syn- 
clinal structure  of  the  iron  formation  may  be  observed  in  the  layers  of  wall 
rock  adjacent  to  the  ores.  In  other  cases  they  occupy  so  small  a  proportion 
of  the  syncline  that  the  layers  of  the  iron  formation  in  the  adjacent  wall  rock 
give  no  indication  of  synclinal  dips.  Not  infrequently  several  more  or  less 
independent  deposits  may  have  developed  in  the  same  general  syncline,  as, 
for  instance,  in  the  aera  adjacent  to  the  town  of  Virginia.  To  put  it  briefly, 
the  ores  show  such  a  position,  irregularity,  extent,  and  relations  to  wall  rocks 
as  to  make  applicable  the  expression  sometimes  heard  in  the  district  that 
the  ores  have  developed  through  the  "rotting"  of  the  iron  formation  along 
fractures,  usually,  but  not  always,  in  broad  synclinal  areas. 

Other  factors  modifying  the  general  underground  flow  of  water  in  the 
Mesabi  iron  formation  are  the  numerous  impervious  slaty  layers  within  the 
iron  formation,  and  the  Virginia  slate  capping  the  iron  formation  of  the 
south;  all  of  which  have  considerable  effect  in  directing  water  circulation. 
So  far  as  the  water  is  free  to  flow  southward  through  the  iron  formation,  the 
impervious  layers  serve  only  to  limit  the  flow  below.  But  the  continuous 
south  dip  of  the  impervious  strata  carries  the  waters  down  to  a  point  where 
the  ground  is  saturated  and  the  waters  are  ponded  between  impervious  layers 
above  and  below.  That  ponding  actually  occurs  is  shown  by  the  fact  that 
drill  holes  penetrating  the  slates  and  entering  the  iron  formation  frequently 
meet  water  under  pressure,  indicating  artesian  conditions.  When  ponded, 
the  water  seeks  the  lowest  point  of  escape,  which  is  likely  to  be  found  near 
the  north  margin  of  the  slate  layers.  The  movement  of  the  water  toward 
the  lowest  point  of  escape  causes  a  considerable  lateral  movement  in  the  cir- 
culation, and  this  lateral  movement  has  probably,  at  least  in  part,  controlled 
the  shape  of  certain  deposits  on  the  range  which  have  their  longer  dimen- 
sions parallel  to  the  strike  of  the  layers  of  the  iron  formation. 

The  ponding  of  the  water  and  consequent  overflow  has  still  another 
effect.  Where  ponded  the  flow  is  governed  by  the  point  of  lowest  escape 
rather  than  by  the  shape  of  the  impervious  basement.  When  water  is  drawn 
off  at  the  edge  of  a  basin,  the  flow  is  greatest  near  the  point  of  escape  and 
diminishes  in  all  directions  away  from  that  point.  This  statement  is  true 
where  the  bottom  of  the  basin  is  flat  or  fluted;  hence,  in  the  Mesabi  iron 
formation,  where  the  water  is  ponded,  the  flow  is  concentrated  near  the 
point  of  lowest  escape  regardless  of  whether  this  be  over  a  syncline  or  anti- 
cline so  far  as  both  are  below  water  level.  The  lowest  point  of  escape  is 
likely  to  be  over  syn'dines,  but  the  surface  erosion,  both  by  glacial  and  me- 
teoric agencies,  has  been  such  that  this  is  not  always  the  case.  For  this 
reason  it  is  not  certain  that  iron-ore  deposits  near  the  edge  of  the  Virginia 
slate  or  near  the  edge  of  the  interstratafied  slate  layers  may  not  have  devel- 
oped along  arches  as  well  as  in  synclines  of  the  iron  formation. 

The  above  facts  are  intimately  related  to  the  problem  of  finding  ore 
under  the  solid  black  Virginia  slate.  The  question  is  frequently  asked,  Is 
there  any  reason  why  ore  shall  not  be  found  under  the  black  slate?  The 
absence  of  ore  under  the  slate  has  not  been  demonstrated  by  actual  drilling; 
only  a  comparatively  few  holes  have  penetrated  any  considerable  thickness 


of  the  Virginia  slate  and  entered  the  iron  formation  below.  Yet  such  holes 
as  have  been  put  down  have  revealed  ore  only  near  the  slate  margin  and 
frequently  of  low  grade.  In  several  cases  the  iron  formation  beneath  the 
slate  has  been  shown  to  be  of  a  green,  unaltered  variety,  indicating  that  the 
alteration  necessary  for  the  development  of  ore  deposits  has  not  gone  far. 
If  the  development  of  the  ore  is  dependent  upon  a  vigorous  circulation  and 
this  vigorous  circulation  is  lacking  under  the  Virginia  slate  because  of  the 
ponding,  we  have  here  an  adequate  cause  for  the  non-existence  of  ore  deposits 
under  the  black  slate.  Yet  further  work  may  show  that  other  factors  have 
entered,  and,  considering  the  extent  and  value  of  the  new  iron-bearing  terri- 
tory which  would  be  thrown  open  were  ore  found  under  the  Virginia  slate, 
more  actual  drilling  seems  advisable  to  settle  the  question. 

Cuyuna  Range 

(c)  The  Cuyuna  district  extends  in  a  northeast-southwest  direction 
along  the  Northern  Pacific  Railway  in  the  vicinity  of  Aitkln,  Deerwood,  and 
Brainerd,  in  Crow  Wing,  Aitkin  and  Morrison  counties,  central  Minnesota. 
Geologically  the  district  is  situated  along  a  series  of  minor  northeast-south- 
west anticlines  in  the  broad  synclinal  basin,  on  the  northern  limb  of  which 
is  the  Mesabi  district  and  on  the  southern  limb  the  Penokee-Gogebic  district. 
The  first  ore  was  discovered  here  in  1904  by  drilling  along  a  line  of  magnetic 
attraction  near  Deerwood.  No  ore  has  been  shipped  from  this  district.  Leith 
gives  the  following  description  of  the  geology  and  structure  of  the  dis- 
trict:* 

From  the  information  so  far  available,  consisting  largely  of  drill  samples, 
the  succession  of  rocks  for  the  Cuyuna  district,  from  the  base  upward,  is  as 
follows: 

Quartzite  and  its  altered  equivalents,  quartzose,  micaceous  and  horn- 
blende schists. 

Iron  formation,  consisting  principally  of  iron  carbonate  where  un- 
altered, but  •  largely  altered  to  amphibole-magnetite  rock,  ferruginous 
slates,  and  iron  ore.  The  ores  thus  far  found  are  soft,  reddish,  slightly 
hydrated  hematite,  reddish  slaty  hematite,  and  hard  blue,  banded,  sili- 
ceous magnetite  and  hematite. 

Chloritic  and  carbonaceous  slate,  interbedded  in  its  lower  part  with 
""  iron  formation. 

Intrusive  granite  and  diorite,  principally  the  latter. 
Cretaceous  sediments. 
Glacial  drift,  80  to  350  feet. 

It  is  possible  that  some  of  the  igneous  rock  is  really  older  than  the  sedi- 
mentary series,  and  lies  unconformably  beneath  it,  but  no  evidence  of  this 
has  yet  been  found  and  the  structural  relations  do  not  favor  thts  view. 

So  far  as  the  sedimentary  rocks  go,  the  emphasis  should  be  placed  on  the 
altered  phases,  for  they  have  all  been  much  metamorphosed.  Failure  to 
recognize  the  schists  as  parts  of  the  sedimentary  series  has  caused  confusion 
in  the  local  interpretation  of  drill  records.  The  changes  in  the  quartzite 
and  slate  to  schists  are  the  typical  anamorphic  changes  of  the  zone  of  rock 
flowage.  When  subsequently  exposed  at  the  surface,  there  has  been  a  leach- 
ing out  of  all  of  the  basic  constituents,  leaving  light-colored,  soft,  kaolinic 
and  quartzose  schists.  This  action  is  most  conspicuous  in  their  upper  15  or 
20  feet.  The  iron  formation,  originally  mainly  iron  carbonate,  has  also 
undergone  anamorphism,  resulting  in  the  development  of  amphibole  magnetite 


*T,eith,  C.  K.,  The  geology  of  the  Cuyuna  iron  range,   Minnesota:   Econ.  Geol- 
ogy, vol.  2,  p.  145. 

—75— 


rocks  essentially  similar  to  amphibole  magnetite  rocks  wherever  they  are 
found  in  other  parts  of  the  Lake  Superior  region.  This  action,  however,  was 
not  sufficiently  effective  to  destroy  a  large  part  of  the  iron  carbonate  con- 
stituting the  original  mass  of  the  formation.  When  exposed  to  weathering, 
the  amphibole-magnetite  rocks  have  remained  substantially  as  they  were, 
being  very  resistant,  although  becoming  somewhat  softer.  The  iron  car- 
bonate has  been  altered  to  iron  ore.  The  gradation  phases  between  the  iron 
carbonate  and  slate  have  become  ferruginous  slates. 

The  anamorphism  of  the  Cuyuna  series  is  probably  to  be  explained  in 
large  part  by  the  existence  of  intrusives  in  the  area  itself  and  to  the  west  and 
south  of  it. 

The  sedimentary  series  has  been  folded  into  a  series  of  repeated  folds, 
as  shown  by  drilling  and  magnetic  work,  and  erosion  has  cut  off  the  top  of 
the  anticlines,  exposing  the  iron  formation  in  a  number  of  oelts,  in  general 
parallel,  but  presumably  coming  together  at  the  ends  of  the  folds.  The  dips 
are  thus  for  the  most  part  high,  in  the  neighborhood  of  80  degrees,  although 
near  the  crests  of  the  folds  they  are  less.  The  folding  has  been  accompanied 
by  the  development  of  cleavage  in  the  softer  layers,  especially  in  the  softer 
slates.  Where  the  cleavage  can  be  definitely  distinguished  from  the  bed- 
ding, there  is  usually  a  slight  angle  between  them,  and  the  cleavage  has  the 
steeper  dip.  The  iron  formation  itself  is  less  affected  by  the  cleavage  than 
the  slate. 

The  ores  constitute  the  altered  and  concentrated  upper  parts  of  the 
steeply  dipping  iron  formation  strata  exposed  by  the  erosion  of  the  anticlines. 
The  hanging  wall  is  commonly  chloritic  slate  and  iron*  carbonate  in  varying 
proportions  and  degrees  of  alteration;  the  foot  wall  is  either  a  quartz  schist 
or  amphibole-magnetite  schist.  Intrusives  complicate  these  relations  in 
many  deposits,  suggesting  that  the  presence  of  these  rocks  has  favored  the 
development  of  the  ore  deposits.  This  is  yet  to  be  proved. 

The  ore  bodies  thus  far  found  seem  to  be  in  the  form  of  lenses  1  to  250 
feet  in  thickness,  with  their  longer  dimensions  parallel  to  the  highly  tilted 
bedding  of  the  series.  It  is  probable  that  also  several  parallel  or  overlapping 
lenses  may  be  present,  judging  from  analogy  with  the  lower  part  of  the  Ani- 
mikie  series  elsewhere  in  the  Lake  Superior  region,  as  in  the  Paint  River, 
Crystal  Falls,  and  western  Menominee  country.  Along  the  strike  these 
lenses  pinch  out  or  widen,  the  change  often  being  accompanied  by  a  change 
in  grade  of  the  ore.  It  is  difficult  to  tell  from  the  present  state  of  exploration 
just  how  far  the  parallel  lenses  are  independent  lenses  in  the  same  general 
formation  and  how  far  they  may  be  the  result  of  duplication  by  folding.  The 
broader  features  of  distribution  are  undoubtedly  to  be  explained  by  folding. 
There  is  a  narrow  zone  of  iron  formation  extending  from  east  of  Aitkin 
southwest  past  Deerwood  and  Brainerd  and  for  some  distance  west  of  the 
Mississippi  river,  as  shown  by  magnetic  attractions  and  by  drilling.  This  is 
made  up  of  a  large  number  of  short  parallel  and  overlapping  belts.  Whether 
these  minor  belts  are  repeated  by  folding  or  whether  they  are  parallel,  inde- 
pendent lenses  is  not  known.  Six  miles  to  the  north,  howe/er,  in  the  vicinity 
of  Rabbit  Lake,  there  is  again  a  belt  of  iron  formation  which  is  undoubtedly 
brought  up  here  by  folding,  for  if  it  were  an  independent  belt  in  a  mono- 
clinal  succession  it  would  imply  too  great  a  thickness  of  intervening  strata. 
Still  farther  to  the  northwest  between  Rabbit  Lake  and  Mississippi  river 
are  at  least  two  more  belts  of  iron  formation  repeated  by  folding.  Whether 
the  folds  reappear  again  elsewhere,  prospectors  are  now  trying  to  determine. 

The  rock  surface  beneath  the  drift  shows  local  variations  of  100  feet  or 

—76— 


more,  and  between  widely  separated  points,  because  of  the  general  slope 
of  the  surface,  may  show  a  difference  of  elevation  of  as  much  as  250  feet. 
Frequently  the  soft  hanging-wall  slates  are  found  to  be  at  lower  elevations, 
because  of  erosion,  than  the  harder  iron  formation  or  the  foot-wall  quartzite 
adjacent,  as,  for  instance,  near  Pickands,  Mather  &  Co.'s  shaft  in  sec.  8,  45-29. 
Notwithstanding  these  local  irregularities  of  the  surface,  it  is,  in  a  broad 
way,  relatively  flat.  At  many  places  in  the  district  and  in  adjacent  parts 
of  Minnesota  cretaceous  deposits  are  found  just  above  the  rock  surface  and 
beneath  the  drift,  suggesting  that  this  flat  surface  may  be  part  of  a  pre-Creta- 
ceous  base  level  or  peneplain.  The  Cuyuna  district  contrasts  in  topography 
of  the  rock  surface  with  the  producing  ranges  of  the  Lake  Superior  region, 
where  there  is  usually  a  marked  ridge  or  range  giving  a  head  to  the  per- 
colating surface  waters  of  from  200  to  500  feet  and  making  it  possible  for 
the  waters  to  circulate  vigorously  and  accomplish  ore  concentration  to  con- 
siderable depths  where  structural  conditions  allow.  This  suggests  the  in- 
ference that  in  the  Cuyuna  district  vigorously  circulating  ore-concentrating 
waters  may  not  have  been  effective  to  so  great  a  depth  as  in  other  Lake  Su- 
perior iron  ranges.  On  the  other  hand,  if  the  ores  were  developed  before 
the  base  level  and  before  reaching  the  present  base  levei,  there  may  have 
been  greater  topographic  relief,  which  would  have  aided  the  alteration  of  the 
rocks  and  concentration  of  the  ore  to  a  greater  depth  than  would  the  present 
relief.  The  existence  of  the  heavy  mantle  of  weathered  material  over  the  area 
may  represent  a  remnant  of  the  weathered  material  which  in  the  other  dis- 
tricts has  been  removed  by  glacial  erosion.  It  is  obvious  that  the  Cuyuna  dis- 
trict has  been  one  in  which  glacial  deposition  has  predominated  over  glacial 
erosion.  When  it  is  remembered  that  in  the  other  Lake  Superior  districts 
glacial  erosion  has  probably  removed  large  amounts  of  iron  ore,  the  lack  of 
glacial  erosion  in  the  Cuyuna  district  may  not  be  an  unfavorable  indication. 

Gogebic  Range 

(d)  The  Penokee-Gogebic  range  is  in  northern  Michigan  and  Wisconsin, 
crossing  the  boundary  in  a  northeast-southwest  direction  at'Ironwood.     The 
principal  mines  are  at  Hurley,  Wis.,  and  at  Ironwood,  Wakefield,  and  Besse- 
mer, Mich. 

The  ores  occur  in  iron  formation  of  upper  Huronian  age  which  is  over- 
lain by  slate  and  underlain  by  quartzite  and  black  slate.  Above  the  upper 
slate  is  a  heavy  gabbro  of  Keweenawan  age,  which  in  a  few  localities  has 
come  into  contact  with  the  iron  formation  and  has  metamorphosed  it  to  jasper 
and  amphibole-magnetite  rock.  For  the  most  part,  however,  the  iron  formation 
is  ferruginous  chert.  The  sedimentary  rocks  dip  steeply  to  the  northwest. 
They  are  cut  by  dikes  of  basic  igneous  rocks  of  probable  Keweenawan  age, 
which  cross  them  at  varying  angles  to  the  bedding.  The  ores  are  concen- 
trated in  large  irregular  bodies  in  the  angles  between  the  foot-wall  quartzite 
or  black  slate  and  the  igneous  dikes.  These  two  formations  make  an  imper- 
vious trough  toward  which  underground  channels  for  meteoric  waters  con- 
verge and  in  which  the  waters  are  ponded  and  precipitate  their  load.  The 
deposits  are  of  a  different  form  and  character  from  those  of  the  Mesabi 
range.  Most  of  them  reach  depths  of  a  thousand  feet  and  upward,  but  their 
horizontal  extent  is  very  much  smaller  than  that  of  the  deposits  of  the  Mesabi 
range.  The  ore  is  for  the  most  part  soft  hydrated  hematite,  but  hard  slaty 
ore  is  abundant,  and  more  rarely  needle  ore  is  found.  In  a  few  deposits  local 
pockets  of  manganese  oxide  occur.  Mining  is  carried  on  by  underground 
methods  entirely. 

Marquette  Range 

(e)  The  Marquette  range,  including  the  Republic  and  Swanzy  areas, 
occupies  a  large  east  and  west  elongated  area  west  and  southwest  of  Mar- 

—77— 


quette,  Mich.  The  principal  mines  are  in  the  vicinity  of  Michigamme,  Negau- 
nee,  Ishpeming,  Swanzy,  and  Republic.  Iron  formations  occur  in  both  the 
upper  and  middle  Huronian,  the  latter  containing  the  principal  ores.  The 
iron  formation  of  the  upper  Huronian  is  underlain  by  quartzite  and  overlain 
by  slate.  Ores  occur  locally  as  concentration  deposits  in  the  lower  part  of 
the  iron  formation  and  in  other  places  as  detrital  deposits  at  the  base  of  the 
quartzite  underlying  it.  The  latter  type  of  ore  is  derived  from  deposits  in 
the  underlying  iron  formation  occurring  at  the  top  of  the  middle  Huronian. 
The  middle  Huronian  iron  formation  (Negaunee)  is  underlain  by  slate,  which 
in  turn  is  underlain  by  quartzite.  The  sedimentary  rocks  are  abundantly  in- 
truded by  dikes,  bosses,  and  stocks  of  basic  igneous  rock  of  probable  Keween- 
awan  age. 

The  sediments  are  folded  into  a  great  east-west  synclinal  basin  com- 
posed of  a  number  of  minor  synclines  and  anticlines.  Ores  occur  on  both 
limbs  .of  the  basin,  but  are  most  abundant  on  the  north  limb.  The  deposits 
near  Ishpeming  and  Negaunee  occur  in  a  part  of  the  basin  where  the  upper 
Huronian  rocks  have  been  eroded  away  and  the  middle  Huronian  iron  forma- 
tion is  exposed  over  the  entire  width  of  the  basin.  The  deposits  near  Repub- 
lic are  in  a  minor  syncline  branching  southeastward  from  the  western  part 
of  the  main  basin.  The  Swanzy  area  is  southeast  of  the  main  basin. 

The  ores  of  the  middle  Huronian  and  the  detrital  ores  at  the  base  of  the 
upper  Huronian  occur  at  nearly  the  same  geologic  horizon,  and  the  latter  are 
derived  from  the  former.  The  ores  may  be  divided  into  three  classes*  (1) 
Ores  at  the  base  oi  the  iron-bearing  Negaunee  (middle  Huronian)  formation; 
(2)  ores  within  the  Negaunee  formation;  and  (3)  detrital  ores  at  the  base  of 
the  Goodrich  (upper  Huronian)  quartzite. 

(1)  The  ores  of  this  class  occur  only  at  the  base  of  the  Negaunee  forma- 
tion, and,  therefore,  at  the  outskirts  of  the  iron  formation  areas.   They  occur 
at  places  where  the  underlying  slate  has  been  Folded  so  as  to  form  pitching 
synclinal  basins.    In  these  impervious  troughs  the  ore  deposits  have  devel- 
oped.   In  many  places  basic  dikes  have  cut  the  rocks,  and  the  ore  has  devel- 
oped between  the  dikes  and  the  slate,  thus  presenting  a  similarity  to  the  de- 
posits of  the  Penokee-Gogebic  district. 

(2)  The  ores  of  the  second  class  are  developed  at  the  contact  of  the 
iron  formation  with  basic  intrusions.     They  occur  either  in  local  irregular- 
ities (basins)  on  the  surface  of  the  intrusive  masses  or  in  pitching  troughs 
formed  between  igneous  masses  and  dikes  branching  out  from  them.    The  sur- 
faces of  the  igneous  masses  are  very  much  altered,  leached  out,  and  impreg- 
nated with  iron  oxide,  being  changed  largely  to  sbapstone  and  paint  rock. 
Many  of  the  dikes  are  entirely  altered. 

(3)  The  detiital  ores  were  formed  by  the  breaking  up  of  the  deposits 
of  types  (1)   and   (2)   during  the  erosional  period  intervening  between  the 
deposition   of  the  middle   and   upper   Huronian.     These   deposits   are   also 
localized  by  pitching  troughs  in  the  basic  intrusions,   between  dikes   and 
intrusive  masses  or  slate  layers,  as  are  the  lower  ores.     They  may  rest  on 
a  basement  of  soapstone  (altered  igneous  rock),  iron  formation,  or  slate. 

The  ore  of  classes  (1)  and  (2)  are  chiefly  soft  hydrated  hematite; 
those  of  class  (3)  are  hard,  specular  ores  with  some  magnetite.  The  meta- 
morphism  of  class  (3)  is  apparently  due  to  greater  movement  along  the 
contact  of  the  middle  and  upper  Huronian  during  the  folding  than  within 
these  rocks  themselves.  With  the  hard  ore  are  developed  jasper  and  am- 
phibole-magnetite  rock. 


*Van  Hise,  C.  R.,  The  iron-ore  deposits  of  the  Lake  Superior  region:  Twenty- 
first  Ann.  Kept.  U.  S.  Geoi.  Survey,  pt.  3,  1901,  p.  305. 

—78— 


Menominee  Range 

(f)  The  Menominee  range,  including  the  Crystal  Falls,  Iron  River, 
Metropolitan,  and  Florence  areas,  is  in  Dickinson  and  Iron  counties,  Mich., 
and  extends  across  the  boundary  into  Florence  county,  Wis.  The  principal 
mines  occur  at  Iron  Mountain,  Norway,  Metropolitan,  Crystal  Falls,  Amasa, 
and  Iron  River,  Mich.,  and  at  Florence,  Wis. 

Iron  formations  are  found  in  both  the  upper  and  middle  Huronian,  but 
only  the  former  carry  iron  ores  of  commercial  importance.  The  middle 
Huronian  iron  formation  is  found  only  in  the  northern  part  of  the  district, 
while  the  upper  Huronian  iron  formation  occurs  in  the  southern  part  of 
the  district.  Thus  the  productive  areas  are  confined  to  the  southern  part 

The  upper  Huronian  iron  formation  is  known  as  the  Vulcan  formation 
in  the  Menominee  district  proper.  The  rocks  are  intricately  folded  so  that 
the  structure  of  the  range  is  very  complicated.  The  ores  of  the  different 
areas  occur  in  separate  local  basins  or  structural  units. 

The  Vulcan  formation  in  the  Menominee  district  proper  is  divided  into 
three  members,  viz:  The  Curry  iron-bearing  member,  the  Brier  slate  mem- 
ber, and  the  Traders  iron-bearing  member.  It  is  overlain  by  upper  Huronian 
(Hanbury)  slate  and  underlain  by  lower  Huronian  (Randville)  dolomite. 
Iron  ores  may  occur  at  any  horizon  within  the  ore-bearing  members,  but 
are  more  prevalent  at  the  top  or  bottom.  The  deposits  Are  of  large  size 
and  occur  on  relatively  impervious  formations  which  are  usually  folded  into 
pitching  troughs  at  the  places  where  the  ores  are  found.  Pitching  troughs 
may  be  formed  (1)  by  the  dolomite  underlying  the  Traders  member,  (2)  by 
a  slate  layer  constituting  the  lower  part  of  the  Traders  member  and  (3) 
by  the  Brier  slate  underlying  the  Curry  member. 

The  sedimentary  formations  are  folded  into  two  major  anticlines 
trending  a  little  north  of  west  so  that  the  iron  formation  is  distributed 
in  several  belts,  along  which  ore  deposits  occur  locally.  Minor  folds  are 
superimposed  on  the  major  folds.  The  sediments  are  bounded  on  the 
north  by  Archean  granite  and  on  the  south  by  Archean  (Quinnesec)  schist. 

The  iron  ores  are  principally  gray,  finely  banded  hematite  with  subor- 
dinate amounts  of  flinty  block  hematite  locally  banded. 

The  iron-bearing  formation  in  the  outlying  areas  consists  mainly  of  fer- 
ruginous slates  and  cherts  with  some  cherty  iron  carbonate.  The  former 
are  generally  carbonaceous  immediately  above  and  below  the  ore-bearing 
beds.  The  formation  is  underlain  by  slate,  which  is  in  turn  underlain  by 
lower  Huronian  formations.  Above  the  iron  formation  is  the  Michigamme 
slate.  In  some  of  the  outlying  areas  the  iron  formation  and  the  underlying 
slate  have  not  been  separated  from  the  Michigamme  slate. 

In  general  the  ores  occur  in  pitching  synclinal  basins  bottomed  and 
capped  by  slate  layers.  They  are  largely  soft  red  hematite,  considerably 
hydrated  in  places. 


Baraboo  Range 

(g)  The  Baraboo  range  is  located  in  southern  Wisconsin  in  the  central 
part  of  Sauk  county.  The  principal  deposits  occur  near  the  town  of  North 
Freedom. 

—79— 


The  Huronian  rocks  are  in  the  form  of  an  east  and  west  elongated 
syncline  surrounded  by  Cambrian  sandstone  and  containing  a  considerable 
thickness  of  Cambrian  sandstone  within  it.  Thus  only  the  rim  of  the  syn- 
cline consisting  of  heavy  bedded  quartzite  is  exposed.  This  quartzite  forms 
the  base  of  the  series  and  rests  on  Archean  rock.  Abo\e  it  is  the  Seeley 
slate  and  above  this  the  iron  formation  which  carries  the  ores  of  the  dis- 
trict. The  iron  formation  is  overlain  by  the  Freedom  dolomite.  The  rocks 
of  the  iron  formation  immediately  associated  with  the  ores  are  ferruginous 
dolomite,  ferruginous  chert,  and  ferruginous  slate. 

The  principal  workable  deposits  have  been  found  in  the  southwestern 
portion  of  the  syncline.  The  deposits  are  stratified  and  are  conformable 
with  the  beds  above  and  below.  They  have  the  same  dip  and  strike  as  the 
associated  rocks  and  are  found  dipping  at  angles  varying  from  nearly  ver- 
tical to  nearly  horizontal. 

The  ore  of  the  Baraboo  range  is  of  lower  grade  than  the  average  ore 
of  the  other  Lake  Superior  ranges,  generally  containing  less  than  55  per 
cent  of  iron.  It  is  soft  hydrated  hematite,  in  many  places  containing  so 
much  water  as  to  be  limonitic  in  character. 

The  iron  ores  of  the  Lake  Superior  district  in  general  consist  of  high 
(grade  hematite,  ranging  from  hard,  dense,  blue,  specular  nonhydrated  ore 
to  soft,  blue,  red,  or  brown  hydrated  varieties.  The  upper  portions  of  the 
deposits  in  general  are  more  hydrated  than  the  lower  portions  and  in  places 
contain  sufficient  water  to  form  a  brown  ore.  The  ores  are  uniformly  high 
in  iron  and  low  in  phosphorus,  so  that  the  great  bulk  is  or  Bessemer  grade. 
The  soft  ores,  especially  those  of  the  Mesabi  range,  are  frequently  trouble- 
some during  smelting  operations,  but  when  they  are  mixed  with  hard  ore 
this  trouble  is  remedied. 

The  following  tables  show  the  average  composition  of  the  iron  ores 
which  are  now  mined  and  shipped  in  the  Lake  Superior  district  : 


Average  Analysis  of  Iron  Ore  Mined  in  the  Lake  Superior  District  During 

1905 

Fe   .  .   59.6  i   P 067 

SiO2    7.5  i   S    019 


Range  in  Composition  of  Iron  Ore  Mined  in  the  Lake  Superior  District  Dur- 
ing 1906  and  1907 


1906 

1907 

Fe  

38.00-65.00 

39.00-67.00 

SiO2  

2.00-40.00 

1.00-43.00 

P  

.008-85 

.01-1.00 

s 

006-  13 

005-  14 

Mn  

.04-7.4 

.03-8.7 

********* 

*             * 

*             * 

Clinton  hematite. — Deposits  of  Clinton  hematite  occur  in  eastern  Wis- 
consin and  in  Missouri.    Those  of  Wisconsin  are  of  considerable  importance 

—80— 


and  have  been  mined  for  many  years.  Those  of  Missouri,  according  to  H.  A. 
Buehler,  have  only  been  discovered  recently  by  drilling  ana  occur  at  such 
depths  as  not  to  be  at  present  workable. 

Iron    Ridge    Range 

In  Wisconsin,  the  principal  Clinton  ores  occur  near  Iron  Ridge  and 
Mayville,  in  eastern  Dodge  county,  outcropping  for  several  miles  in  a  north 
and  south  direction.  The  entire  Clinton  formation  is  represented  by  iron 
ore  which  occurs  in  the  form  of  a  lens-shaped  bed  at  the  base  of  the  Niagaran 
limestone  and  overlying  the  Cincinnatian  shale.  Small  deposits  of  no  com- 
mercial importance  occur  at  the  same  horizon  near  Hartford,  Washington 
county;  near  De  Pere,  Brown  county;  and  west  of  Sturgeon  Bay,  Door 
county. 

The  bed  in  Dodge  county  varies  in  thickness  from  15  to  25  feet  and 
is  nearly  horizontal,  the  overlying  Niagaran  limestone  forming  a  westward 
facing  escarpment  above  it.  The  ore  bed  is  made  up  of  numerous  horizontal 
layers  3  to  14  inches  in  thickness. 

The  ore  consists  chiefly  of  small  lenticular  concretions.  The  prevailing 
color  is  dark  reddish-brown,  though  locally  it  becomes  purple.  It  is  gen- 
erally soft  and  friable,  containing  just  enough  cement  to  keep  the  concre- 
tions together.  The  top  layer  varying  from  3  to  8  inches  in  thickness  dif- 
fers from  the  rest  in  being  hard  and  compact  and  of  a  deep  purple  color  with 
bright  scarlet  streaks.  It  contains  very  few  oolites  and  breaks  with  con- 
choidal  fracture.  Clay  is  intermingled  with  ore  in  the  lower  layers. 

The  ore  is  of  about  the  same  grade  as  the  soft  Clinton  ores  of  the 
eastern  district.  It  is  smelted  chiefly  in  local  furnaces,  though  occasionally 
shipments  are  made  to  Milwaukee. 


BROWN  ORE. 

Bog  ore. — Bog  iron  ores  are  found  in  small  deposits  throughout  the  Mis- 
sissippi Valley,  but  only  at  a  few  localities  have  they  been  mined,  the  most 
Important  of  which  are  in  Wisconsin.  They  are  usually  in  the  form  of 
superficial  blanket  deposits  mixed  with  more  or  less  clay  and  earthy  mat- 
ter. Bog  deposits  are  for  the  most  part  too  small  and  isolated  to  pay  for  the 
expense  of  mining  and  transportation.  Occasionally,  however,  deposits  of 
such  size  are  found  as  to  permit  the  erection  of  a  local  furnace.  Such  de- 
posits occur  at  Spring  Valley  and  vicinity,  Pierce  county,  Wis. 

Limonite  gossan. — Limonite  gossan  ore  occurs  in  the  upper  part  of  the 
lead  and  zinc  deposits  in  the  upper  Mississippi  Valley.  It  results  from  the 
alteration  of  the  iron  sulphides,  pyrite,  and  marcasite,  which  are  associated 
with  lead  and  zinc  sulphides  in  the  deeper  parts  of  the  veins.  The  gossan 
deposits  of  the  Mississippi  Valley  are  too  small  to  be  of  commercial  im- 
portance. 

MAGNETITE 

Lake  Superior  magnetite. — Magnetite  deposits  worthy  of  notice  are 
found  in  the  Marquette,  Mesabi,  and  Gunflint  ranges  of  the  Lake  Superior 
district.  They  are  related  to  the  Lake  Superior  hematite  deposits,  being 

—81— 


formed  from  the  cherty  iron  carbonate  or  from  the  hematite  deposits  by 
igneous  intrusives  or  by  regional  metamorphism.  In  the  Marquette  range 
magnetite  is  formed"  by  both  of  these  processes;  in  the  other  ranges  it  is 
formed  by  contact  metamorphism  by  the  great  gabbro  mass  of  northern 
Minnesota.  This  gabbro  extends  across  the  eastern  pa/t  of ,  the  Mesabi 
range  and  has  altered  the  iron  formation  along  the  contact  to  amphibole- 
magnetite  rock  and  local  magnetite  deposits.  Although  considerable  ex- 
ploration has  been  done  in  this  area,  deposits  of  great  importance  have  not 
been  found. 

In  the  Gunflint  district  in  northern  Minnesota  near  the  Canadian  bound- 
ary, the  upper  Huronian  iron  formations  reappear  from  underneath  the 
gabbro  and  extend  northeastward  into  the  Animikie  district,  Ontario.  Near 
the  gabbro  contact  the  iron  formation  is  altered  to  a  coarsely  crystalline 
green  quartzite,  with  beds  and  lenses  of  magnetite  associated  with  various 
ferrous  silicates.  The  iron  formation  rests  in  Keewatin  greenstone  and  dips 
away  from  it  at  steep  angles.  The  magnetite  lenses  are  most  abundant  near 
the  contact  with  the  greenstone. 

Local  occurrences  of  magnetite  are  also  found  at  both  ends  of  the 
Penokee-Gogebic  range  where  the  gabbro  has  come  into  contact  with  the 
iron  formations. 

Titaniferous  magnetite. — Titaniferous  magnetite  in  large  bodies  is  re- 
ported to  occur  locally  in  the  great  gabbro  mass  of  northern  Minnesota.  The 
most  important  of  these  deposits  are  located  a  short  distance  south  of  the 
Gunflint  district.  Little  has  been  done  with  them  in  the  way  of  exploration 
and  they  are  practically  unknown. 

IRON  CARBONATE 

Iron  carbonate. — Iron  carbonate  and  silicate  originally  composed  the 
Lake  Superior  iron  formation  and  are  still  found  in  scattered  masses  where 
they  have  been  protected  from  weathering  processes.  They  are  described 
in  connection  with  the  Lake  Superior  hematite. 


—82— 


Bibliography 

of 

Publications  on  Lake  Superior  Iron  Ores 


ABBOTT,  C.  E.  Iron  ore  deposits  of  the  Ely  trough,  Vermilion  range,  Minne- 
sota: Trans.  Lake  Sup.  Min.  Inst.,  vol.  12,  p.  116. 

ADAMS,  FRANCIS  S.  The  Cuyuna  Range.  Econ.  Geol.  Vol.  5,  1910,  pp. 
729-740;  Vol.  6,  1911,  pp.  60-70;  (to  be  continued). 

ANON.  Mining  methods  on  the  Gogebic  range:  Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol. 
84,  p.  245. 

ANON.     Swanzy  iron-ore  district:     Iron  Trade  Rev.,  January,  1909. 

BACON,  D.  H.    The  development  of  Lake  Superior  iron  ores:     Trans.  Am. 

Inst.  Min.  Eng.,  vol.  27,  1897,  pp.  341-344. 

BAILEY,  C.  E.  Mining  methods  on  the  Mesabi  Range:  Trans.  Am.  Inst.  Min. 
Eng.,  vol.  27,  1897,  pp.  529-536. 

BAYLEY,  W.  S.  The  Menominee  iron-bearing  district  of  Michigan:  Mon. 
U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  42,  1904. 

,  BAYLEY,  W.  S.,  and  SMYTH,  H.  L.    Preliminary  report  on  the  Mar- 

quette  iron-bearing  district  of  Michigan:  Fifteenth  Ann.  Rept.  U.  S. 
Geol.  Survey,  1894,  pp.  477-650.  Also  same  with  atlas:  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol. 
Survey,  vol.  28,  1897. 

BOSS,  C.  M.  Some  dike  features  of  the  Gogebic  iron  range:  Trans.  Am. 
Inst.  Min.  Eng.,  vol.  27,  1897,  pp.  556-563. 

BRINSMADE.  H.  B.  The  great  iron  fields  of  the  Lake  Superior  district:  Min. 
Sci.,  November  26,  December  3,  December  10,  December  17,  December  24, 
and  December  31,  1908,  and  January  7,  1909. 

CARLYLE,  E.  J.  The  Pioneer  iron  mine,  Ely,  Minnesota:  Jour.  Can.  Min. 
Inst.,  vol.  7,  p.  335. 

CHAMBERLIN,  T.  C.  Clinton  iron-ore  deposits:  Geology  of  Wisconsin,  1873 
to  1877,  vol.  2,  p.  327,  and  atlas. 

CLEMENTS.  J.  M.  The  Vermilion  iron-bearing  district  of  Minnesota:  Mon. 
U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  45,  1903. 

Clements,  J.  M.  and  Smith,  H.  L.     The  Crystal  Falls  iron-bearing 


district  of  Michigan.    Mon.  36.     U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  1899. 

DENTON,  F.  W.  Methods  of  iron  mining  in  northern  Minnesota:  Trans. 
Am.  Inst.  Min.  Eng.,  vol.  27,  1897,  pp.  344-390. 

ELFTMAN,  A.  H.  The  Highland  range  in  Minnesota:  Eng.  and  Min.  Jour., 
vol.  75,  p.  447. 

KURD,  RUKARD  Iron  ore  manual  of  the  Lake  Superior  district,  and  1911 
values,  with  method  for  determining  prices,  premiums  and  penalties, 
illustrative  schedules,  tables  of  values  and  statistical  data,  1911. 

IRVING,  J.  D.  and  VAN  HISE,  C.  R.  The  Penokee  iron-bearing  series  of 
Michigan  and  Wisconsin:  Tenth  Ann.  Rept.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  pt.  1, 
1889,  pp.  341-507. 

IRVING,  R.  D.  and  VAN  HISE,  C.  R.  The  Penokee  iron-bearing  series  of 
Michigan  and  Wisconsin:  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  19,  1892. 

JOPLING,  J.  E.  The  Marquette  Range— Its  discovery,  development,  and  re- 
sources: Trans.  Am.  Inst.  Min.  Eng.,  vol.  27,  1897,  pp.  541-555. 

—83— 


LEITH,  C.  K.     The  Mesabi  iron-bearing  district  of  Minnesota:     Mon.  U.  S 
Geol.  Survey,  vol.  43,  1903. 


.  A  summary  of  Lake  Superior  geology  with  special  reference  to  re- 
cent studies  of  the  ironjbearing  series:  Trans.  Am.  Inst  Min  Eng ,  vol 
35,  1904,  pp.  454-507. 

.     The  geology  of  the  Cuyuna  iron  range,  Minnesota:     Econ.  Geology, 

vol.  2,  pp.  145-152.    1907. 

.    Comparison  of  Mesaba  and  Gogabic  ranges.    Trans.  Lake  Sup.  Min 

Inst.  Vol.  8,  pp.  75-81. 

LONGYEAR,  E.  J.  Explorations  on  the  Mesabi  Range:  Trans.  Am.  Inst.  Min. 
Eng.,  vol.  27,  1897,  pp.  537-541. 

MEEKS,  R.  The  iron  ore  mines  of  the  Mesabi  range:  Eng.  and  Min  Jour, 
vol.  84,  p.  143. 

SMYTH,  H.  L.  and  FINLAY,  J.  R.  The  geological  structure  of  the  western 
part  of  the  Vermilion  Range,  Minnesota:  Trans.  Am.  Inst.  Min.  Eng.,  vol. 
25,  1895,  pp.  595-645. 

,  SMYTH,  H.  L.,  BAYLEY,  W.  S.,  and  VAN  HISE,  C.  R.     The  Crystal 

Falls  iron-bearing  district  of  Michigan:  Nineteenth  Ann.  Rept.  U.  S. 
Geol.  Survey,  pt.  3,  1898,  pp.  1-157;  also  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  36, 
1899. 

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57,  p.  583. 

THOMAS,  KIRBY    Mesabi  iron  range:     Mines  and  minerals,  vol.  23,  p.  566. 
Vermilion  iron  bearing  district  of  Minnesota:     Mines  and  minerals, 


vol.  24,  p.  546. 

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region.     Mon.  52.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey  1911. 

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WINCHELL,  H.  V.     The  iron  ranges  of  Minnesota:     Trans.  Lake  Sup.  Min. 
Inst.,  vol.  3,  p.  15. 

WINCHELL,  N.  H.    Structures  of  the  Mesabi  iron-  ore:     Proc.  Lake  Sup.  Min. 
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.    The  Mesabi  iron  range:     Trans.  Amer.  Inst.  Min.  Eng.,  vol.  21,  p.  644. 


WOODBRIDGE,  D.  E.    Iron  ore  in  Crow  Wing  county,  Minnesota:     Eng.  and 
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April,  1911. 

—84— 


Addenda 

IRON   ORE   RESERVES  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES. 
Report  of  John  Birkinbine 

Resume  of  the  Report  of  John  Birkinbine  on  the  Iron  Ore  Reserves  of 
the  United  States — marked  Appendix  A  to  Supplemental  Report  of  Joseph 
G.  Butler,  Jr.,  Filed  with  the  Senate  Finance  Committee,  June  15,  1909. 

The  foregoing  will  indicate  that  the  reserves  of  iron  ore  in  the  Lake 
Superior  region,  of  material  such  as  is  now  shipped,  exceed  1,600,000,000 
tons,  and  that  this  amount  may  be  greatly  augmented  by  the  utilization  of 
some  ore  not  now  classed  as  desirable. 

That  in  the  Adirondack  District  of  New  York  the  ore  reserves  amount 
to  125,000,000  tons,  which  may  be  supplemented  by  25,000,000  tons  of  other 
New  York  ores  and  the  possibility  of  large  future  additions  from  the  deposits 
of  Clinton  ores  in  the  center  of  the  state. 

That  New  Jersey  has  over  35,000,000  tons  of  available  ore,  and  in  addi- 
tion 100,000,000  tons  of  concentrating  ore  can  be  obtained. 

That  Pennsylvania  has  reserves  amounting  to  45,000,000  tons,  which 
may  be  increased  by  liberal  exploitations  of  Clinton  and  carbonate  ores. 

That  the  Southern  States  may  be  counted  on  for  a  supply  exceeding 
1,200,000,000  tons,  and  possibly  a  much  larger  amount. 

The  reserves  in  the  Rocky  Mountain  region  and  west  of  this,  tentatively 
estimated  as  100,000,000  tons,  cover  but  a  small  part  of  the  producing  ter- 
ritory. 

The  grand  total  is  3,230,000,000  tons. 

That  the  new  England  and  other  Atlantic  states  and  the  Central  states, 
including  Indiana,  Illinois,  Iowa,  Mississippi,  Missouri,  Arkansas  and  Texas, 
will  further  add  to  the  reserves. 

ABSTRACT  OF  REPORT  FOR  THE  CONSERVATION  COMMISSION 

By  Mr.  C.  Willard  Hayes,  Chief  Geologist,  United  States  Geological  Sur- 
vey, Marked  Appendix  C  to  Supplemental  Report  of  Joseph  G.  Butler,  Jr. 
Filed  with  the  Senate  Finance  Committee,  June  15,  1909. 


Available             Not  Available 
Gross  Tons               Gross  Ton* 

Northeastern  States 

298000,000         1,095,000,000 

Vermont 
Massachusetts 
Connecticut 
New  York 

Maryland 
New  Jersey 
Pennsylvania 
Ohio 

538440000         1,276,500,000 

South  Carolina 

West  Virginia 
Eastern  Kentucky 
North  Carolina 
Lake  Superior  States. 

Georgia 
Alabama 
East  Tennessee 

3,510,000,000       72,030,000,000 

Michigan 
Minnesota 
Mississippi  Valley  States 

Wisconsin 

315,000,000            570,000,000 

Northwest  Alabama 
West  Tennessee 
West  Kentucky 
Rocky  Mountain  States    .    .    . 

Iowa,  Missouri 
Arkansas 
East  Texas 

57,760.000            120,665.000 

Montana 
Idaho 
Wyoming,  Colorado 
Arizona 
Pacific  Slope  States       .... 

Utah 
Nevada 
New  Mexico 
West  Texas 

68,950.000              23,905,000 

Washington 
California 

Oregon 

Total  . 

4,788,150,000       75,116,070,000 

The  total  supplies  are  divided  into  two  classes,  "available"  and  "not  available." 
"Available."     This  class  includes  those  Ores  which  can  be  worked  at  a  profit  under  the  con- 
ditions   at   present  existing  in  the  Iron  and  Steel  industry  in  the  United  States. 

"Not  Available."     This  class  includes  all  Ores  which  cannot  be  worked  at  a  profit  under 
existing  conditions  in  the  Iron  and  Steel  industry. 

—85— 


UNITED  STATES  STEEL  CORPORATION  ESTIMATED  rRON  ORE 

RESERVES 

Marked  Appendix  F  to  Supplemental  Report  of  Joseph  G.  Butler,  Jr..  Filed  with  the 
Senate  Finance  Committee  June  15,  1909 


GROSS  TONS 

Ores  of  Present 
Standard 
Commercially 

Silicious  and 
Other  Low 
Grade  Ores 

Total 

Northern  Ores  — 
Total  
Southern  Ores  — 
Total  Red  and  Brown  

1,258,289,000 
459,300,000 

365,845,000 
239,000,000 

1,624,134,000 
698,300,000 

Total  

1,717,589000 

604  843,000 

2,322,434,000 

THE  CONCLUSIONS  OF  JOSEPH  G.  BUTLER,  JR. 

And  His  Estimates  on  the  Iron  Ore  Reserves  of  the  United  States — Made  in 

a  Supplemental  Report  Filed  With  the  Senate  Finance. 

Committee,  June  15,  1909. 

Lake  Superior 1,618,000,000  tons 

New  York 750,000,000  tons 

New  Jersey 135,000,000  tons 

Pennsylvania 45,000,000  tons 

South 1,814,940,000  tons 

Rocky  Mountain  District 100,000,000  tons 


Total 4,462,940,000  tons 

"Taking  the  figures  of  the  United  States  Steel  Corporation  of  the  'avail- 
able ores,  to-wit:  1,717,589,000  tons,  it  would  appear  that  the  corporation 
owns  38^  per  cent  of  the  available,  desirable  ores." 

SUMMARY  OF  THE  ESTIMATES  OF  AVAILABLE  IRON  ORE  RESERVES 
OF  THE   UNITED  STATES 

Joseph  G.  Butler,  Jr 4,462,940,000  tons 

C.  Willard  Hayes 4,788,150,000  tons 

John  Birkinbine 3,230,000,000  tons 

U.   S.  Steel  Corporation 1,717,589,000  to-is 


—86— 


OLD  RANGE- VERMILION 
BESSEMER 

NATURAL  IRON  ORE 

LAKE  ERIE  PRICES 


1911 


17  TABLES 

45  PER  CENT  TO  61  PER  CENT 
INCLUSIVE 


COMPILED  BY 
RUKARD  KURD 


OLD  RANGE-VERMILION  BESSEMER 


Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

45.00 

$3.15545 

45.50 

$3.24818 

.01 

3.15731 

.51 

3.25003 

.02 

3.15916 

.52 

3.25189 

.03 

3.16101 

.53 

3.25374 

.04 

3.16287 

.54 

3.25560 

.05 

3.16472 

.55 

3.25745 

.06 

3.16658 

.56 

3.25931 

.07 

3.16843 

.57 

3.26116 

.08 

3.17029 

.58 

3.26301 

.09 

3.17214 

.59 

3.26487 

45.10 

3.17400 

45.60 

3.26672 

.11 

3.17585 

.61 

3.26858 

.12 

3.17771 

.62 

3.27043 

.13 

3.17956 

.63 

3.27229 

.14 

3.18141 

.64 

3.27414 

.15 

3.18327 

.65 

3.27600 

.16 

3.18512 

.66 

3.27785 

.17 

3.18698 

.67 

3.27971 

•  .18 

3  .  18883 

.68 

3.28156 

.19 

3  .  19069 

.69 

3.28341 

45.20 

3.19254 

45.70 

3.28527 

.21 

3  .  19440 

.71 

3.28712 

.22 

3.19625 

72 

3.28898 

.23 

3.19811 

.73 

3.29083 

.24 

3.19996 

.74 

3.29269 

.25 

3.20181 

.75 

3.29454 

.26 

3  .  20367 

.76 

3.29640 

.27 

3  .  20552 

.77 

3.29825 

.28 

3.20738 

.78 

3.30011 

.29 

3.20923 

.79 

3.30196 

45.30 

3.21109 

45.80 

3.30381 

.31 

3.21294 

.81 

3.30567 

.32 

3.21480 

.82 

3.30752 

.33 

3.21665 

.83 

3.30938 

.34 

3.21851 

.84 

3.31123 

.35 

3  .  22036 

.85 

3.31309 

.36 

3.22221 

.86 

3.31494 

.37 

3.22407 

87 

3.31680 

.38 

3.22592 

.88 

3.31865 

.39 

3.22778 

.89 

3.32051 

45.40 

3.22963 

45.90 

3.32236 

.41 

3.23149 

.91 

3.32421 

.42 

3.23334 

.92 

3.32607 

.43 

3.23520 

.93 

3  .  32792 

.44 

3.23705 

.94 

3.32978 

.45 

3.23891 

.95 

3.33163 

.46 

3.24076 

.96 

3  .  33349 

.47 

3.24261 

.97 

3.33534 

.48 

3  .  24447 

.98 

3.33720 

.49 

3.24632 

.99 

3.33905 

—89— 


OLD  RANGE-VERMILION  BESSEMER 


Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

46.00 

$3.34091 

46.50 

$3.43363 

.01 

3.34276 

.51 

3  .  43549 

.02 

3.34461 

.52 

3.43734 

.03 

3.34647 

.53 

3.43920 

.04 

3  .  34832 

.54 

3.44105 

.05 

3.35018 

.55 

3.44291 

.06 

3.35203 

.56 

3.44476 

.07 

3.35389 

.57 

3.44661 

.08 

3.35574 

.58 

3.44847 

.09 

3.35760 

.59 

3.45032 

46.10 

3.35945 

46.60 

3.45218 

.11 

3.36131 

.61 

3  .  45403 

.12 

3.36316 

.62 

3.45589 

.13 

3.36501 

.63 

3.45774 

.14 

3  .  36687 

.64 

3.45960 

.15 

3  .  36872 

.65 

3.46145 

.16 

3.37058 

.66 

3.46331 

.17 

3.37243 

.67 

3.46516 

.18 

3  .  37429 

.68 

3.46701 

.19 

3.37614 

.69 

3.46887 

46.20 

3  .  37800 

46.70 

3.47072 

.21 

3  .  37985 

.71 

3.47258 

.22 

3.38171 

.72 

3.47443 

.23 

3.38356 

.73 

3.47629 

.24 

3.38541 

.74 

3.47814 

.25 

3.38727 

.75 

3.48000 

.26 

3.38912 

.76 

3.48185 

.27 

3  .  39098 

.77 

3.48371 

.28 

3.39283 

.78 

3.48556 

.29 

3.39469 

.79 

3.48741 

46.30 

3.39654 

46.80 

3.48927 

.31 

3.39840 

.81 

3.49112 

.32 

3.40025 

.82 

3.49298 

.33 

3.40211 

.83 

3.49483 

.34 

3.40396 

.84 

3.49669 

.35 

3.40581 

.85 

3.49854 

.36 

3.40767 

.86 

3  .  50040 

.37 

3  .  40952 

.87 

3.50225 

.38 

3.41138 

.88 

3.50411 

.39 

3.41323 

.89 

3.50596 

46.40 

3.41509 

46.90 

3.50781 

.41 

3.41694 

.91 

3.50967 

.42 

3.41880 

.92 

3.51152 

.43 

3.42065 

.93 

3.51338 

.44 

3.42251 

.94 

3.51523 

.45 

3.42436 

.95 

3.51709 

.46 

3.42621 

.96 

3.51894 

.47 

3.42807 

.97 

3  .  52080 

.48 

3.42992 

.98 

3  .  52265 

.49 

3.43178 

.99 

3.52451 

—90— 


OLD  RANGE-VERMILION  BESSEMER 


Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

47.00 

$3.52636 

47.50 

$3.61909 

.01 

3.52821 

.51 

3  .  62094 

.02 

3.53007 

.52 

3  .  62280 

.03 

3.53192 

.53 

3  .  62465 

.04 

3.53378 

.54 

3.62651 

.05 

3  .  53563 

.55 

3.62836 

.06 

3.53749 

.56 

3.63021 

.07 

3.53934 

.57 

3.63207 

.08 

3.54120 

.58 

3.63392 

.09 

3.54305 

.59 

3.63578 

47.10 

3.54491 

47.60 

3  .  63763 

.11 

3.54676 

.61 

3  .  63949 

.12 

3.54861 

.62 

3.64134 

.13 

3  .  55047 

.63 

3  .  64320 

.14 

3.55232 

.64 

3.64505 

.15 

3.55418 

.65 

3.64691 

.16 

3  .  55603 

.66 

3.64876 

ill 

3.55789 
3.55974 

.67 
.68 

3.65061 
3.65247 

.19 

3.56160 

.69 

3.65432 

47.20 

3.56345 

47.70 

3.65618 

.21 

3.56531 

.71 

3  .  65803 

.22 

3.56716 

.72 

3  .  65989 

.23 

3.56901 

.73 

3.66174 

.24 

3  .  57087 

.74 

3  .  66360 

.25 

3.57272 

.75 

3  .  66545 

.26 

3.57458 

.76 

3.66731 

.27 

3.57643 

.77 

3.66916 

.28 

3  .  57829 

.78 

3.67101 

.29 

3.58014 

.79 

3.67287 

47.30 

3.58200 

47.80 

3.67472 

.31 

3.58385 

.81 

3.67658 

.32 

3.58571 

.82 

3  .  67843 

.33 

3.58756 

.83 

3  .  68029 

.34 

3.58941 

.84 

3.68214 

.35 

3.59127 

.85 

3.68400 

.36 

3.59312 

.86 

3.68585 

.37 

3  .  59498 

.87 

3.68771 

.38 

3  .  59683 

.88 

3.68956 

.39 

3  .  59869 

.89 

3.69141 

47.40 

3.60054 

47.90 

3.69327 

.41 

3.60240 

.91 

3.69512 

.42 

3.60425 

.92 

3.69698 

.43 

3.60611 

.93 

3.69883 

.44 

3.60796 

.94 

3  .  70069 

.45 

3  .  60981 

.95 

3  .  70254 

.46 

3.61167 

.96 

3  .  70440 

.47 

3.61352 

.97 

3.70625 

.48 

3.61538 

.98 

3.70811 

.49 

3.61723 

.99 

3.70996 

—91— 


OLD  RANGE-VERMILION  BESSEMER 


Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

48.00 

$3.71181 

48.50 

$3  .  80454 

.01 

3.71367 

.51 

3  .  80640 

.02 

3.71552 

.52 

3  .  80825 

.03 

3.71738 

.53 

3.81011 

.04 

3.71923 

.54 

3.81196 

.05 

3.72109 

.55 

3.81381 

.06 

3.72294 

.56 

3.81567 

.07 

3.72480 

.57 

3.81752 

.08 

3  .  72665 

.58 

3.81938 

.09 

3  .  72851 

.59 

3.82123 

48.10 

3  .  73036 

48.60 

3.82309 

.11 

3.73221 

.61 

3.82494 

.12 

3.73407 

.62 

3.82680 

.13 

3.73592 

.63 

3.82865 

.14 

3.73778 

.64 

3.83051 

.15 

3  .  73963 

65 

3.83236 

.16 

3  74149 

.66 

3.83421 

.17 

3.74334 

.67 

3  .  83607 

.18 

3.74520 

.68 

3  -  83792 

.19 

3  .  74705 

.69 

3.83978 

48.20 

3.74891 

48.70 

3.84163 

.21 

3.75076 

.71 

3  .  84349 

.22 

3.75261 

.72 

3.84534 

.23 

3  .  75447 

.73 

3  .  84720 

.24 

3.75632 

.74 

3.84905 

.25 

3.75818 

.75 

3.85091 

.26 

3  .  76003 

.76 

3  .  85276 

.27 

3.76189 

.77 

3  .  85461 

.28 

3.76374 

.78 

3  .  85647 

.29 

3  .  76560 

.79 

3  .  85832 

48.30 

3.76745 

48.80 

3.86018 

.31 

3.76931 

.81 

3  .  86203 

.32 

3.77116 

.82 

3  .  86389 

.33 

3.77301 

.83 

3  .  86574 

.34 

3  .  77487 

.84 

3.86760 

.35 

3.77672 

.85 

3  .  86945 

.36 

3.77858 

.86 

3.87131 

.37 

3.78043 

.87 

3.87316 

.38 

3.78229 

.88 

3.87501 

.39 

3.78414 

.89 

3  .  87687 

48.40 

3  .  78600 

48.90 

3.87872 

.41 

3  .  78785 

.91 

3  .  88058 

.42 

3.78971 

.92 

3  .  88243 

.43 

3.79156 

.93 

3  .  88429 

.44 

3.79341 

.94 

3.88614 

.45 

3.79527 

.95 

3.88800 

.46 

3.79712 

.96 

3.88985 

.47 

3.79898 

.97 

3.89171 

.48 

3.80083 

.98 

3.89356 

.49 

3.80269 

.99 

3.89541 

—92— 


OLD  RANGE-VERMILION  BESSEMER 


Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

nPr 

Lake  Erie  Price 

49.00 

$3.89727 

49.50 

$3.96681 

.01 

3  .  89866 

.51 

3.96821 

.02 

3  .  90005 

.52 

3  .  96960 

.03 

3.90144 

.53 

3.97099 

.04 

3  .  90283 

.54 

3  .  97238 

.05 

3  .  90422 

.55 

3.97377 

.06 

3.90561 

.56 

3.97516 

.07 

3.90701 

.57 

3  .  97655 

.08 

3.90840 

.58 

3.97794 

.09 

3.90979 

.59 

3.97933 

49.10 

3.91118 

49.60 

3.98072 

.11 

3.91257 

.61 

3.98211 

.12 

3.91396 

.62 

3.98351 

.13 

3.91535 

.63 

3  .  98490 

.14 

3.91674 

.64 

3.98629 

.15 

3.91813 

.65 

3.98768 

.16 

3.91952 

.66 

3.98907 

.17> 

3.92091 

.67 

3.99046 

.18 

3.92231 

.68 

3.99185 

.19 

3.92370 

.69 

3.99324 

49.20 

3.92509 

49.70 

3  .  99463 

.21 

3  .  92648 

.71 

3.99602 

.22 

3  .  92787 

.72 

3.99741 

.23 

3.92926 

.73 

3.99881 

.24 

3.93065 

.74 

4.00020 

.25 

3.93204 

.75 

4.00159 

.26 

3.93343 

.76 

4.00298 

.27 

3.93482 

.77 

4.00437 

.28 

3.93621 

.78 

4.00576 

.29 

3.93761 

.79 

4.00715 

49  .  30 

3.93900 

49.80 

4.00854 

.31 

3.94039 

.81 

4.00993 

.32 

3.94178 

.82 

4.01132 

.33 

3.94317 

.83 

4.01271 

.34 

3.94456 

.84 

4.01411 

.35 

3.94595 

.85 

4.01550 

.36 

3.94734 

.86 

4.01689 

.37 

3.94873 

.87 

4.01828 

.38 

3.95012 

.88 

4.01967 

.39 

3.95151 

.89 

4.02106 

49.40 

3.95291 

49.90 

4.02245 

.41 

3  .  95430 

.91 

4.02384 

.42 

3.95569 

.92 

4.02523 

.43 

3.95708 

.93 

4.02662 

.44 

3.95847 

.94 

4.02801 

.45 

3  .  95986 

.95 

4.02941 

.46 

3.96125 

.96 

4  .  03080 

.47 

3.96264 

.97 

4.03219 

.48 

3.96403 

.98 

4.03358 

.49 

3.96542 

.99 

4.03497 

—93— 


OLD  RANGE-VERMILION  BESSEMER 


Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

50.00 

$4.03636 

50.50 

$4.08272 

.01 

4.03729 

.51 

4.08365 

.02 

4.03821 

.52 

4.08458 

.03 

4.03914 

.53 

4.08551 

.04 

4.04007 

.54 

4.08643 

.05 

4.04100 

.55 

4.08736 

.06 

4.04192 

.56 

4.08829 

.07 

4.04285 

.57 

4.08921 

.08 

4.04378 

.58 

4.09014 

.09 

4.04471 

.59 

4.09107 

50.10 

4  .  04563 

50.60 

4.09200 

.11 

4.04656 

.61 

4.09292 

.12 

4.04749 

.62 

4.09385 

.13 

4.04841 

.63 

4.09478 

.14 

4.04934 

.64 

4.09571 

.15 

4.05027 

.65 

4.09663 

.16 

4.05120 

.66 

4.09756 

.17 

4.05212 

.67 

4.09849 

.18 

4.05305 

.68 

4.09941 

.19 

4.05398 

.69 

4.10034 

50.20 

4.05491 

50.70 

4.10127 

.21 

4.05583 

.71 

4.10220 

.22 

4.05676 

.72 

4.10312 

.23 

4.05769 

.73 

4.10405 

.24 

4.05861 

.74 

4.10498 

.25 

4.05954 

.75 

4.10591 

.26 

4.06047 

.76 

4.10683 

.27 

4.06140 

.  77 

4.10776 

.28 

4.06232 

.78 

4.10869 

.29 

4.06325 

.79 

4.10961 

50.30 

4.06418 

50.80 

4.11054 

.31 

4.06511 

.81 

4.11147 

.32 

4.06603 

.  .82 

4.11240 

.33 

4.06696 

.83 

4.11332 

.34 

4.06789 

.84 

4.11425 

.35 

4.06881 

.85 

4.11518 

.36 

4.06974 

.86 

4.11611 

.37 

4.07067 

.87 

4.11703 

.38 

4.07160 

.88 

4.11796 

.39 

4.07252 

.89 

4.11889 

50.40 

4.07345 

50.90 

4.11981 

.41 

4.07438 

.91 

4.12074 

.42 

4.07531 

.92 

4.12167 

.43 

4.07623 

.93 

4.12260 

.44 

4.07716 

.94 

4.12352 

.45 

4.07809 

.95 

4.12445 

.46 

4.07901 

.96 

4.12538 

.47 

4.07994 

.97 

4.12631 

.48 

4  .  08087 

.98 

4.12723 

.49 

4.08180 

.99 

4.12816 

—94— 


OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY 

OF 


OLD  RANGE-VERMILION  BESSEMER 


Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

51.00 

$4.12909 

51.50 

$4.17545 

.01 

4.13001 

.51 

4.17638 

.02 

4.13094 

.52 

4.17731 

.03 

4.13187 

.53 

4.17823 

.04 

4.13280 

.54 

4.17916 

.05 

4.13372 

.55 

4.18009 

.06 

4.13465 

.56 

4.18101 

.07 

4.13558 

.57 

4.18194 

.08 

4.13651 

.58 

4.18287 

.09 

4.13743 

.59 

4.18380 

51.10 

4.13836 

51.60 

4.18472 

.11 

4.13929 

.61 

4.18565 

.12 

4.14021 

.62 

4.18658 

.13 

4.14114 

.63 

4.18751 

.14 

4.14207 

.64 

4.18843 

.15 

4.14300 

.65 

4.18936 

.16 

4.14392 

.66 

4.19029 

.17 

4.14485 

.67 

4.19121 

.18 

4.14578 

.68 

4.19214 

.19 

4.14671 

.69 

4.19307 

51.20 

4.14763 

51.70 

4.19400 

.21 

4.14856 

.71 

4.19492 

.22 

4.14949 

.72 

4.19585 

.23 

4.15041 

.73 

4.19678 

.24 

4.15134 

.74 

4.19771 

.25 

4.15227 

.75 

4.19863 

.26 

4.15320 

.76 

4.19956 

.27 

4.15412 

.77 

4.20049 

.28 

4.15505 

.78 

4.20141 

.29 

4.15598 

.79 

4.20234 

51.30 

4.15691 

51.80 

4.20327 

.31 

4.15783 

.81 

4  .  20420 

.32 

4.15876 

.82 

4.20512 

.33 

4.15969 

.83 

4  .  20605 

.34 

4.16061 

.84 

4  .  20698 

.35 

4.16154 

.85 

4.20791 

.36 

4.16247 

.86 

4.20883 

.37 

4.16340 

.87 

4.20976 

.38 

4.16432 

.88 

4.21069 

.39 

4.16525 

.89 

4.21161 

51.40 

4.16618 

51.90 

4.21254 

.41 

4.16711 

.91 

4.21347 

.42 

4.16803 

.92 

4.21440 

.43 

4.16896 

.93 

4.21532 

.44 

4.16989 

.94 

4.21625 

.45 

4.17081 

.95 

4.21718 

.46 

4.17174 

.96 

4.21811 

.47 

4.17267 

.97 

4.21903 

.48 

4.17360 

.98 

4.21996 

^.49 

4.17452 

.99 

4.220S9 

—95— 


OLD  RANGE-VERMILION  BESSEMER 


Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

52.00 

$4.22181 

52.50 

$4.26818 

.01 

4.22274 

.51 

4.26911 

.02 

4.22367 

.52 

4  .  27003 

.03 

4.22460  . 

.53 

4.27096 

.04 

4.22552 

.54 

4.27189 

.05 

4.22645 

.55 

4.27281 

.06 

4.22738 

.56 

4.27374 

.07 

4.22831 

.57 

4.27467 

.08 

4.22923 

.58 

4.27560 

.09 

4.23016 

.59 

4.27652 

52.10 

4.23109 

52.60 

4.27745 

.11 

4.23201 

.61 

4.27838 

.12 

4.23294 

.62 

4.27931 

.13 

4.23387 

.63 

4  .  28023 

.14 

4.23480 

.64 

4.28116 

.15 

4.23572 

.65 

4.28209 

.16 

4.23665 

.66 

4.28301 

.17 

4.23758 

.67 

4.28394 

.18 

4.23851 

.68 

4.28487 

.19 

4.23943 

.69 

4.28580 

52.20 

4.24036 

52.70 

4  .  28672 

.21 

4.24129 

.71 

4.28765 

.22 

4.24221 

.72 

4.28858 

.23 

4.24314 

.73 

4.28951 

.24 

4  .  24407 

.74 

4  .  29043 

.25 

4  .  24500 

.75 

4.29136 

.26 

4.24592 

.76 

4.29229 

.27 

4.24685 

.77 

4.29321 

.28 

4.24778 

.78 

4.29414 

.29 

4.24871 

.79 

4.29507 

52.30 

4.24963 

52.80 

4.29600 

.31 

4.25056 

.81 

4.29692 

.32 

4.25149 

.82 

4.29785 

.33 

4.25241 

.83 

4.29878 

.34 

4.25334 

.84 

4.29971 

.35 

4.25427 

.85 

4.30063 

.36 

4.25520 

.86 

4.30156 

.37 

4.25612 

.87 

4.30249 

.38 

4.25705 

.88 

4.30341 

.39 

4.25798 

.89 

4  .  30434 

52.40 

4.25891 

52.90 

4.30527 

.41 

4.25983 

.91 

4  .  30620 

.42 

4.26076 

.92 

4.30712 

.43 

4.26169 

.93 

4  .  30805 

.44 

4.26261 

.94 

4.30898 

.45 

4  .  26354 

.95 

4.30991 

.46 

4.26447 

.96 

4.31083 

.47 

4.26540 

.97 

4.31176 

.48 

4.26632 

.98 

4.31269 

.49 

4.26725 

.99 

4.31361 

—96— 


OLD  RANGE-VERMILION  BESSEMER 


Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

53.00 

$4.31454 

53.50 

$4.36091 

.01 

4.31547 

.51 

4.36183 

.02 

4.31640 

.52 

4.36276 

.03 

4.31732 

.53 

4.36369 

.04 

4.31825 

.54 

4.36461 

.05 

4.31918 

.55 

4.36554 

.06 

4.32011 

.56 

4.36647 

.07 

4.32103 

.57 

4.36740 

.08 

4.32196 

.58 

4.36832 

.09 

4.32289 

.59 

4.36925 

53.10 

4.32381 

53.60 

4.37018 

.11 

4.32474 

.61 

4.37111 

.12 

4.32567 

.62 

4.37203 

.13 

4.32660 

.63 

4.37296 

.14 

4.32752 

.64 

4.37389 

.15 

4.32845 

.65 

4.37481 

.16 

4.32938 

.66 

4.37574 

.17 

4.33031 

.67 

4.37667 

.18 

4.33123 

.68 

4.37760 

.19 

4.33216 

.69 

4.37852 

53.20 

4.33309 

53.70 

4.37945 

.21 

4.33401 

.71 

4.38038 

.22 

4.33494 

.72 

4.38131 

.23 

4.33587 

.73 

4.38223 

.24 

4.33680 

.74 

4.38316 

.25 

4.33772 

.75 

4.38409 

.26 

4.33865 

.76 

4.38501 

.27 

4.33958 

.77 

4.38594 

.28 

4.34051 

.78 

4.38687 

.29 

4.34143 

.79 

4.38780 

53.30 

4.34236 

53.80 

4.38872 

.31 

4.34329 

.81 

4  .  38965 

.32 

4.34421 

.82 

4.39058 

.33 

4.34514 

.83 

4.39151 

.34 

4.34607 

.84 

4.39243 

.35 

4.34700 

.85 

4.39336 

.36 

4.34792 

.86 

4.39429 

.37 

4.34885 

.87 

4.39521 

.38 

4.34978 

.88 

4.39614 

.39 

4.35071 

.89 

4.39707 

53  .  40 

4.35163 

53  .  90 

4.39800 

.41 

4.35256 

.91 

4.39892 

.42 

4.35349 

.92 

4.39985 

.43 

4.35441 

.93 

4.40078 

.44 

4  .  35534 

.94 

4.40171 

.45 

4.35627 

.95 

4.40263 

.46 

4.35720 

.96 

4.40356 

.47 

4  .  3581  2 

.97 

4.40449 

.48 

4  .  35905 

.98 

4.40541 

.49 

4  .  35998 

.99 

4  .  40634 

—97— 


OLD  RANGE-VERMILION  BESSEMER 


Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

54.00 

$4.40727 

54.50 

$4.45363 

.01 

4.40820 

.51 

4.45456 

.02 

4.40912 

.52 

4  .  45549 

.03 

4.41005 

.53 

4.45641 

.04 

4.41098 

.54 

4.45734 

.05 

4.41191 

.55 

4.45827 

.06 

4.41283 

.56 

4.45920 

.07 

4.41376 

.57 

4.46012 

.08 

4.41469 

.58 

4.46105 

.09 

4.41561 

.59 

4.46198 

54.10 

4.41654 

54.60 

4.46291 

.11 

4.41747 

.61 

4.46383 

.12 

4.41840 

.62 

4.46476 

.13 

4.41932 

.63 

4  .  46569 

.14 

4.42025 

.64 

4.46661 

.15 

4.42118 

.65 

4.46754 

.16 

4.42211 

.66 

4.46847 

.17 

4.42303 

.67 

4.46940 

.18 

4.42396 

.68 

4.47032 

.19 

4  .  42489 

.69 

4.47125 

54.20 

4.42581 

54.70 

4.47218 

.21 

4.42674 

.71 

4.47311 

.22 

4.42767 

.72 

4.47403 

.23 

4  .  42860 

.73 

4.47496 

.24 

4.42952 

.74 

4.47589 

.25 

4.43045 

.75 

4.47681 

.26 

4.43138 

.76 

4.47774 

.27 

4.43231 

.77 

4.47867 

.28 

4  .  43323 

.78 

4.47960 

.29 

4.43416 

.79 

4.48052 

54  .  30 

4  .  43509 

54.80 

4.48145 

.31 

4.43601 

.81 

4.48238 

.32 

4.43694 

.82 

4.48331 

.33 

4.43787 

.83 

4.48423 

.34 

4.43880 

.84 

4.48516 

.35 

4.43972 

.85 

4.48609 

.36 

4.44065 

.86 

4.48701 

.37 

4.44158 

.87 

4.48794 

.38 

4.44251 

.88 

4.48887 

.39 

4.44343 

.89 

4.48980 

54.40 

4.44436 

54.90 

4.49072 

.41 

4.44529 

.91 

4.49165 

.42 

4.44621 

.92 

4.49258 

.43 

4.44714 

.93 

4.49351 

.44 

4  .  44807 

.94 

4  .  49443 

.45 

4  .  44900 

.95 

4.49536 

.46 

4.44992 

.96 

4.49629 

.47 

4.45085 

.97 

4.49721 

.48 

4.45178 

.98 

4.49814 

.49 

4.45271 

.99 

4.49907 

—98— 


OLD  RANGE-VERMILION  BESSEMER 


Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

55.00 

$4  .  50000 

55.50 

$4.55136 

.01 

4.50102 

.51 

4.55239 

.02 

4.50205 

.52 

4.55341 

.03 

4.50308 

.53 

4.55444 

.04 

4.50411 

.54 

4.55547 

.05 

4.50513 

.55 

4  .  55650 

.06 

4.50616 

.56 

4.55752 

.07 

4.50719 

.57 

4.55855 

.08 

4.50821 

.58 

4.55958 

.09 

4  .  50924 

.59 

4.56061 

55.10 

4.51027 

55.60 

4.56163 

.11 

4.51130 

.61 

4.56266 

.12 

4.51232 

.62 

4.56369 

.13 

4.51335 

.63 

4.56471 

.14 

4.51438 

.64 

4  .  56574 

.15 

4.51541 

.65 

4.56677 

.16 

4.51643 

.66 

4  .  56780 

.17 

4.51746 

.67 

4  .  56882 

.18 

4.51849 

.68 

4.56985 

.19 

4.51951 

.69 

4.57088 

55.20 

4  .  52054 

55.70 

4.57191 

.21 

4.52157 

.71 

4.57293 

.22 

4.52260 

.72 

4.57396 

.23 

4.52362 

.73 

4.57499 

.24 

4.52465 

.74 

4.57601 

.25 

4  .  52568 

.75 

4.57704 

.26 

4.52671 

.76 

4.57807 

.27 

4.52773 

.77 

4.57910 

.28 

4.52876 

.78 

4.58012 

.29 

4.52979 

.79 

4.58115 

55.30 

4.53081 

55.80 

4.58218 

.31 

4.53184 

.81 

4.58321 

.32 

4.53287 

.82 

4  .  58423 

.33 

4.53390 

.83 

4.58526 

.34 

4  .  53492 

.84 

4.58629 

.35 

4.53595 

.85 

4.58731 

.36 

4.53698 

.86 

4.58834 

.37 

4.53801 

.87 

4.58937 

.38 

4  .  53903 

.88 

4  .  59040 

.39 

4  .  54006 

.89 

4.59142 

55.40 

4.54109 

55.90 

4.59245 

.41 

4.54211 

.91 

4.59348 

.42 

4.54314 

.92 

4.59451 

.43 

4.54417 

.93 

4.59553 

.44 

4.54520 

.94 

4  .  59656 

.45 

4.54622 

.95 

4  .  59759 

.46 

4.54725 

.96 

4.59861 

.47 

4  .  54828 

.97 

4  .  59964 

.48 

4.54931 

.98 

4r.  60067 

.49 

4.55033 

.99 

4.60170 

—99— 


OLD  RANGE-VERMILION  BESSEMER 


Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

56.00 

$4.60272 

56.50 

$4.65909 

.01 

4.60385 

.51 

4.66021 

.02 

4.60498 

.52 

4.66134 

.03 

4.60611 

.53 

4.66247 

.04 

4.60723 

.54 

4.66360 

.05 

4.60836 

.55 

4.66472 

.06 

4.60949 

.56 

4.66585 

.07 

4.61061 

.57 

4.66698 

.08 

4.61174 

.58 

4.66811 

.09 

4.61287 

.59 

4.66923 

56.10 

4.61400 

56.60 

4.67036 

.11 

4.61512 

.61 

4.67149 

.12 

4.61625 

.62 

4.67261 

.13 

4.61738 

.63 

4.67374 

.14 

4.61851 

.64 

4.67487 

.15 

4.61963 

.65 

4.67600 

.16 

4.62076 

.66 

4.67712 

.17 

4.62189 

.67 

4.67825 

.18 

4.62301 

.48 

4.67938 

.19 

4.62414 

.69 

4.68051 

56.20 

4.62527 

56.70 

4.68163 

.21 

4.62640 

.71 

4.68276 

.22 

4.62752 

.72 

4.68389 

.23 

4.62865 

.73 

4.68501 

.24 

4.62978 

.74 

4.68614 

.25 

4.63091 

.75 

4.68727 

.26 

4.63203 

.76 

4.68840 

.27 

4.63316 

.77 

4.68952 

.28 

4.63429 

.78 

4.69065 

.29 

4.63541 

.79 

4.69178 

56.30 

4.63654 

56.80 

4.69291 

.31 

4.63767 

.81 

4  .  69403 

.32 

4.63880 

.82 

4.69516 

.33 

4.63992 

.83 

4.69629 

.34 

4.64105 

.84 

4.69741 

.35 

4.64218 

.85 

4.69854 

.36 

4.64331 

.86 

4.69967 

.37 

4  .  64443 

.87 

4  .  70080 

.38 

4.64556 

.88 

4.70192 

.39 

4  .  64669 

.89 

4.70305 

56.40 

4.64781 

56.90 

4.70418 

.41 

4.64894 

.91 

4.70531 

.42 

4  .  65007 

.92 

4.70643 

.43 

4.65120 

.93 

4.70756 

.44 

4.65232 

.94 

4.70869 

.45 

4.65345 

.95 

4.70981 

.46 

4.65458 

.96 

4.71094 

.47 

4.65571 

.97 

4.71207 

.48 

4.65683 

.98 

4.71320 

.49 

4  .  65796 

.99 

4.71432 

—100— 


OLD  RANGE-VERMILION  BESSEMER 


Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

57.00 

$4.71545 

57.50 

$4.77681 

.01 

4.71668 

.51 

4.77804 

.02 

4.71791 

.52 

4.77927 

.03 

4.71913 

.53 

4  .  78050 

.04 

4.72036 

.54 

4.78172 

.05 

4.72159 

.55 

4.78295 

.06 

4.72281 

.56 

4.78418 

.07 

4.72404 

.57 

4.78541 

.08 

4.72527 

.58 

4  .  78663 

.09 

4.72650 

.59 

4.78786 

57.10 

4.72772 

57.60 

4  .  78909 

.11 

4.72895 

.61 

4.79031 

.12 

4.73018 

.62 

4.79154 

.13 

4.73141 

.63 

4.79277 

.14 

4  .  73263 

.64 

4.79400 

.15 

4  .  73386 

.65 

4.79522 

.16 

4.73509 

.66 

4.79645 

.17 

4.73631 

.67 

4.79768 

.18 

4.73754 

.68 

4.79891 

.19 

4.73877 

.69 

4.80013 

57.20 

4  .  74000 

57.70 

4.80136 

.21 

4.74122 

.71 

4  .  80259 

.22 

4.74245 

.72 

4.80381 

.23 

4.74368 

.73 

4  .  80504 

.24 

4.74491 

.74 

4  .  80627 

.25 

4.74613 

.75 

4.80750 

.26 

4.74736 

.76 

4  .  80872 

.27 

4.74859 

.77 

4  .  80995 

.28 

4.74981 

.78 

4.81118 

.29 

4.75104 

.79 

4.81241 

57.30 

4.75227 

57.80 

4.81363- 

.31 

4.75350 

.81 

4.81486 

.32 

4.75472 

.82 

4.81609 

.33 

4.75595 

.83 

4.81731 

.34 

4.75718 

.84 

4.81854 

.35 

4.75841 

.85 

4.81977 

.36 

4.75963 

.86 

4.82100 

.37 

4.76086 

.87 

4.82222 

.38 

4.76209 

.88 

4  .  82345 

.39 

4.76331 

.89 

4.82468 

57.40 

4  .  76454 

57  .  90 

4.82591 

.41 

4.76577 

.91 

4.82713 

.42 

4.76700 

.92 

4.82836 

.43 

4.76822 

.93 

4.82959 

.44 

4.76945 

.94 

4.83081 

.45 

4.77068 

.95 

4  .  83204 

.46 

4.77191 

.96 

4  .  83327 

.47 

4.77313 

.97 

4.83450 

.48 

4.77436 

.98 

4.83572 

.49 

4.77559 

.99 

4.83695 

—101— 


OLD  RANGE-VERMILION  BESSEMER 


Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

58.00 

$4.83818 

58.50 

$4.90454 

.01 

4.83951 

.51 

4.90587 

.02 

4.84083 

.52 

4.90720 

.03 

4.84216 

.53 

4.90852 

.04 

4.84349 

.54 

4.90985 

.05 

4.84481 

.55 

4.91118 

.06 

4.84614 

.56 

4.91251 

.07 

4.84747 

.57 

4.91383 

.08 

4.84880 

.58 

4.91516 

.09 

4.85012 

.59 

4.91649 

58.10 

4.85145 

58.60 

4.91781 

.11 

4  .  85278 

.61 

4.91914 

.12 

4.85411 

.62 

4  .  92047 

.13 

4.85543 

.63 

4.92180 

.14 

4  .  85676 

.64 

4.92312 

.15 

4.85809 

.65 

4.92445 

.16 

4.85941 

.66 

4.92578 

.17 

4.86074 

.67 

4.92711 

.18 

4.86207 

.68 

4.92843 

.19 

4.86340 

.69 

4.92976 

58.20 

4.86472 

58.70 

4.93109 

.21 

4  .  86605 

.71 

4.93241 

.22 

4  .  86738 

.72 

4.93374 

.23 

4.86871 

.73 

4.93507 

.24 

4.87003 

.74 

4.93640 

.25 

4.87136 

.75 

4.93772 

.26 

4.87269 

.76 

4.93905 

.27 

4.87401 

.77 

4  .  94038 

.28 

4.87534 

.78 

4.94171 

.29 

4.87667 

.79 

4.94303 

58.30 

4.87800 

58.80 

4.94436 

.31 

4  .  87932 

.81 

4.94569 

.32 

4  .  88065 

.82 

4.94701 

.33 

4.88198 

.83 

4.94834 

.34 

4.88331 

.84 

4.94967 

.35 

4  .  88463 

.85 

4.95100 

.36 

4  .  88596 

.86 

4.95232 

.37 

4.88729 

.87 

4.95365 

.38 

4  .  88861 

.88 

4.95498 

.39 

4  .  88994 

.89 

4.95631 

58.40 

4.89127 

58.90 

4.95763 

.41 

4  .  89260 

.91 

4.95896 

.42 

4.89392 

.92 

4.96029 

.43 

4.89525 

.93 

4.96161 

.44 

4.89658 

.94 

4.96294 

.45 

4.89791 

.95 

4.96427 

.46 

4.89923 

.96 

4.96560 

.47 

4.90056 

.97 

4.96692 

.48 

4.90189 

.98 

4.96825 

.49 

4.90321 

.99 

4  .  96958 

—102— 


OLD  RANGE-VERMILION  BESSEMER 


Per  Cent 

Lake  Erie  Price 

Per  Cent 

Lake  Erie  Price 

Natural  Iron 

Natural  Iron 

59.00 

$4.97091 

59.50 

$5.04227 

.01 

4.97233 

.51 

5.04370 

.02 

4.97376 

.52 

5.04512 

.03 

4.97519 

.53 

5.04655 

.04 

4.97661 

.54 

5.04798 

.05 

4.97804 

.55 

5.04941 

.06 

4.97947 

.56 

5.05083 

.07 

4.98090 

.57 

5.05226 

.08 

4.98232 

.58 

5.05369 

.09 

4.98375 

.59 

5.05511 

59.10 

4.98518 

59.60 

5.05654 

.11 

4.98661 

.61 

5.05797 

.12 

4.98803 

.62 

5.05940 

.13 

4.98946 

.63 

5.06082 

.14 

4.99089 

.64 

5.06225 

.15 

4.99231 

.65 

5.06368 

.16 

4.99374 

.66 

5.06511 

.17 

4.99517 

.67 

5.06653 

.18 

4.99660 

.68 

5.06796 

.19 

4.99802 

.69 

5.06939 

59.20 

4.99945 

59.70 

5.07081 

.21 

5.00088 

.71 

5.07224 

.22 

5.00231 

.72 

5.07367 

.23, 

5.00373 

.73 

5.07510 

.24 

5.00516 

.74 

5.07652 

.25 

5.00659 

.75 

5.07795 

.26 

5.00801 

.76 

5.07938 

.27 

5.00944 

.77 

5.08081 

.28 

5.01087 

.78 

5.08223 

.29 

5.01230 

.79 

5.08366 

59.30 

5.01372 

59.80 

5.08509 

.31 

5.01515 

.81 

5.08651 

.32 

5.01658 

.82 

5.08794 

.33 

5.01801 

.83 

5.08937 

.34 

5.01943 

.84 

5  .  09080 

.35 

5.02086 

.85 

5.09222 

.36 

5.02229 

.86 

5.09365 

.37 

5.02371 

.87 

5.09508 

.38 

5.02514 

.88 

5.09651 

.39 

5.02657 

.89 

5.09793 

59.40 

5.02800 

59.90 

5.09936 

.41 

5.02942 

.91 

5.10079 

.42 

5.03085 

.92 

5.10221 

.43 

5.03228 

.93 

5.10364 

.44 

5.03371 

.94 

5.10507 

.45 

5.03513 

.95 

5.10650 

.46 

5.03656 

.96 

5.10792 

.47 

5.03799 

.97 

5.10935 

.48 

5.03941 

.98 

5.11078 

.49 

5.04084 

.99 

5.11221 

—103— 


OLD  RANGE-VERMILION  BESSEMER 


Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

60.00 

$5.11363 

60.50 

$5.16000 

.01 

5.11456 

.51 

5.16092 

.02 

5.11549 

.52 

5.16185 

.03 

5.11641 

.53 

5.16278 

.04 

5.11734 

.54 

5.16371 

.05 

5.11827 

.55 

5.16463 

.06 

5.11920 

.56 

5.16556 

.07 

5.12012 

.57 

5.16649 

.08 

5.12105 

.58 

5.16741 

.09 

5.12198 

.59 

5.16834 

60.10 

5.12291 

60.60 

5.16927 

.11 

5.12383 

.61 

5.17020 

.12   . 

5.12476 

.62 

5.17112 

.13 

5.12569 

.63 

5.17205 

.14 

5.12661 

.64 

5.17298 

.15 

5.12754 

.65 

5.17391 

.16 

5.12847 

.66 

5.17483 

.17 

5.12940 

.67 

5.17576 

.18 

5.13032 

.68 

5.17669 

.19 

5.13125 

.69 

5.17761 

60.20 

5.13218 

60.70 

5.17854 

.21 

5.13311 

.71 

5.17947 

.22 

5.13403 

.72 

5.18040 

.23 

5.13496 

.73 

5*18132 

.24 

5.13589 

.74 

5.18225 

.25 

5.13681 

.75 

5.18318 

.26 

5.13774 

.76 

5.18411 

.27 

5.13867 

.77 

5.18503 

.28 

5.13960 

.78 

5.18596 

.29 

5.14052 

.79 

5.18689 

60.30 

5.14145 

60.80 

5.18781 

.31 

5.14238 

.81 

5.18874 

.32 

5.14331 

.82 

5.18967 

.33 

5.14423 

.83 

5.19060 

.34 

5.14516 

.84 

5.19152 

.35 

5.14609 

.85 

5.19245 

.36 

5.14701 

.86 

5.19338 

.37 

5.14794 

.87 

5.19431 

.38 

5.14887 

.88 

5.19523 

.39 

5.14980 

.89 

5.19616 

60.40 

5.15072 

60.90 

5.19709 

.41 

5.15165 

.91 

5.19801 

.42 

5.15258 

.92 

5.19894 

.43 

5.15351 

.93 

5.19987 

.44 

5.15443 

.94 

5.20080 

.45 

5.15536 

.95 

5.20172 

.46 

5.15629 

.96 

5.20265 

.47 

5.15721 

.97 

5  .  20358 

.48 

5.15814 

.98 

5.20451 

.49 

5.15907 

.99 

5.20543 

—104— 


OLD  RANGE-VERMILION  BESSEMER 


Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

61.00 

$5.20636 

61.50 

$5.25272 

.01 

5.20729 

.51 

5.25365 

.02 

5.20821 

.52 

5  .  25458 

.03 

5.20914 

.53 

5.25551 

.04 

5.21007 

.54 

5.25643 

.05 

5.21100 

.55 

5.25736 

.06 

5.21192 

.56 

5.25829 

.07 

5.21285 

.57 

5.25921 

.08 

5.21378 

.58 

5.26014 

.09 

5.21471 

.59- 

5.26107 

61.10 

5.21563 

61.60 

5.26200 

.11 

5.21656 

.61 

5.26292 

.12 

5.21749 

.62 

5.26385 

.13 

5.21841 

.63 

5.26478 

.14 

5.21934 

.64 

5.26571 

.15 

5.22027 

.65 

5.26663 

.16 

5.22120 

.66 

5.26756 

.17 

5.22212 

.67 

5.26849 

.18 

5.22305 

.68 

5.26941 

.19 

5.22398 

.69 

5.27034 

61.20 

5.22491 

61.70 

5.27127 

.21 

5.22583 

.71 

5.27220 

.22 

5.22676 

.72 

5.27312 

.23 

5.22769 

.73 

5.27405 

.24 

5.22861 

.74 

5  .  27498 

.25 

5  .  22954 

.75 

5.27591 

.26 

5  .  23047 

.76 

5.27683 

.27 

5.23140 

.77 

5.27776 

.28 

5.23232 

.78 

5.27869 

.29 

5.23325 

.79 

5.27961 

61.30 

5.23418 

61.80 

5.28054 

.31 

5.23511 

.81 

5.28147 

.32 

5.23603 

.82 

5.28240 

.33 

5.23696 

.83 

5.28332 

.34 

5.23789 

.84 

5.28425 

.35 

5.23881 

.85 

5.28518 

.36 

5.23974 

.86 

5.286U 

.37 

5.24067 

.87 

5.28703 

.38 

5.24160 

.88 

5.28796 

.39 

5  .  24252 

.89 

5.28889 

61.40 

5.24345 

61.90 

5.28981 

.41 

5.24438 

.91 

5.29074 

.42 

5.24531 

.92 

5.29167 

.43 

5  .  24623 

.93 

5.29260 

.44 

5.24716 

.94 

5.29352 

.45 

5.24809 

.95 

5.29445 

.46 

5.24901 

.96 

5.29538 

.47 

5.24994 

.97 

5.29631 

.48 

5  .  25087 

.98 

5.29723 

.49 

5.25180 

.99 

5.29816 

-105— 


MESABA  BESSEMER 

NATURAL  IRON  ORE 

LAKE  ERIE  PRICES 


1911 


17  TABLES 

45  PER  CENT  TO  61  PER  CENT 
INCLUSIVE 


COMPILED  BY 

RUKARD  KURD 


MESABA  BESSEMER 


Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

45.00 

$2.97136 

45.50 

$3.05954 

.01 

2.97312 

.51 

3.06130 

.02 

2.97489 

.52 

3.06307 

.03 

2.97665 

.53 

3.06483 

.04 

2.97841 

.54 

3.06659 

.05 

2.98018 

.55 

3.06836 

06 

2.98194 

.56 

3.07012 

.07 

2.98370 

.57 

3.07189 

.08 

2.98547 

.58 

3.07365 

.09 

2  .  98723 

.59 

3.07541 

45.10 

2.98899 

45.60 

3.07718 

.11 

2.99076 

.61 

3.07894 

.12 

2.99252 

.62 

3.08070 

.13 

2  .  99429 

.63 

3.08247 

.14 

2.99605 

.64 

3.08423 

.15 

2.99781 

.65 

3.08599 

.16 

2.99958 

.66 

3.08776 

.17 

3.00134 

.67 

3.08952 

.18 

3.00310 

.68 

3.09129 

.19 

3.00487 

.69 

3.09305 

45.20 

3.00663 

45.70 

3.09481 

.21 

3.00839 

.71 

3.09658 

.22 

3.01016 

.72 

3.09834 

.23 

3.01192 

.73 

3.10010 

.24 

3.01369 

.74 

3.10187 

.25 

3.01545 

.75 

3.10363 

.26 

3.01721 

.76 

3.10539 

.27 

3.01898 

.77 

3.10716 

.28 

3  .  02074 

.78 

3  .  10892 

.29 

3.02250 

.79 

3.11069 

45.30 

3.02427 

45.80 

3.11245 

.31 

3.02603 

.81 

3.11421 

.32 

3.02779 

.82 

3.11598 

.33 

3.02956 

.83 

3.11774 

.34 

3.03132 

.84 

3.11950 

.35 

3.03309 

.85 

3.12127 

.36 

3.03485 

.86 

3.12303 

.37 

3.03661 

.87 

3.12479 

.38 

3.03838 

.88 

3.12656 

.39 

3.04014 

.89 

3.12832 

45.40 

3.04190 

45.90 

3.13009 

.41 

3.04367 

.91 

3.13185 

.42 

3.04543 

.92 

3.13361 

.43 

3.04719 

.93 

3.13538 

.44 

3.04896 

.94 

3.13714 

.45 

3.05072 

.95 

3.13890 

.46 

3.05249 

.96 

3.14067 

.47 

3.05425 

.97 

3.14243 

.48 

3.05601 

.98 

3.14419 

.49 

3.05778 

.99 

3.14596 

—109— 


MESABA  BESSEMER 


Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

46.00 

$3.14772 

46.50 

$3.23590 

.01 

3.14949 

.51 

3.23767 

.02 

3.15125 

.52 

3.23943 

.03 

3.15301 

.53 

3.24119 

.04 

3.15478 

.54 

3.24296 

.05 

3.15654 

.55 

3.24472 

.06 

3.15830 

.56 

3.24649 

.07 

3.16007 

.57 

3.24825 

.08 

3.16183 

.58 

3.25001 

.09 

3.16359 

.59 

3.25178 

46.10 

3.16536 

46.60 

3.25354 

.11 

3.16712 

.61 

3.25530 

.12 

3.16889 

.62 

3.25707 

.13 

3.17065 

.63 

3.25883 

.14 

3.17241 

.64 

3  .  26059 

.15 

3.17418 

.65 

3.26236 

.16 

3.17594 

.66 

3.26412 

.17 

3.17770 

.67 

3.26589 

.18 

3.17947 

.68 

3.26765 

.19 

3.18123 

.69 

3.26941 

46.20 

3.18299 

46.70 

3.27118 

.21 

3.18476 

.71 

3.27294 

.22 

3.18652 

.72 

3.27470 

.23 

3.18829 

.73 

3.27647 

.24 

3.19005 

.74 

3.27823 

.25 

3.19181 

.75 

3.27999 

.26 

3.19358 

.76 

3.28176 

.27 

3.19534 

.77 

3.28352 

.28 

3.19710 

.78 

3.28529 

.29 

3.19887 

.79 

3.28705 

46.30 

3.20063 

46.80 

3.28881 

.31 

3.20239 

.81 

3  .  29058 

.32 

3.20416 

.82 

3.29234 

.33 

3.20592 

.83 

3.29410 

.34 

3.20769 

.84 

3.29587 

.35 

3  .  20945 

.85 

3.29763 

.36 

3.21121 

.86 

3.29939 

.37 

3.21298 

.87 

3.30116 

.38 

3.21474 

.88 

3.30292 

.39 

3.21650 

.89 

3  .  30469 

46.40 

3.21827 

46.90 

3  .  30645 

.41 

3.22003 

.91 

3.30821 

.42 

3.22179 

.92 

3.30998 

.43 

3.22356 

.93 

3.31174 

.44 

3.22532 

.94 

3.31350 

.45 

3.22709 

.95 

3.31527 

.46 

3.22885 

.96 

3.31703 

.47 

3.23061 

.97 

3.31879 

.48 

3.23238 

.98 

3.32056 

.49 

3.23414 

.99 

3.32232 

—110— 


MESABA  BESSEMER 


Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

47.00 

$3  .  32409 

47.50 

$3.41227 

.01 

3.32585 

.51 

3.41403 

.02 

3.32761 

.52 

3.41579 

.03 

3.32938 

.53 

3.41756 

.04 

3.33114 

.54 

3.41932 

.05 

3.33290 

.55 

3.42109 

.06 

3.33467 

.56 

3  .  42285 

.07 

3.33643 

.57 

3.42461 

.08 

3.33819 

.58 

3.42638 

.09 

3.33996 

.59 

3.42814 

47.10 

3.34172 

47.60 

3.42990 

.11 

3.34349 

.61 

3.43167 

.12 

3.34525 

.62 

3.43343 

.13 

3.34701 

.63 

3.43519 

.14 

3.34878 

.64 

3.43696 

.15 

3.35054 

.65 

3.43872 

.16 

3.35230 

.66 

3.44049 

.17 

3  .  35407 

.67 

3.44225 

.18 

3.35583 

.68 

3.44401 

-  .19 

3.35759 

.69 

3.44578 

47.20 

3.35936 

47.70 

3  .  44754 

.21 

3.36112 

.71 

3.44930 

.22 

3.36289 

.72 

3.45107 

.23 

3.36465 

.73 

3.45283 

.24 

3.36641 

.74 

3.45459 

.25 

3.36818 

.75 

3.45636 

.26 

3.36994 

.76 

3.45812 

.27 

3.37170 

.77 

3.45989 

.28 

3.37347 

.78 

3.46165 

.29 

3.37523 

.79 

3.46341 

47.30 

3.37699 

47.80 

3.46518 

.31 

3.37876 

.81 

3.46694 

.32 

3  .  38052 

.82 

3.46870 

.33 

3.38229 

.83 

3.47047 

.34 

3  .  38405 

.84 

3.47223 

.35 

3.38581 

.85 

3.47399 

.36 

3.38758 

.86 

3.47576 

.37 

3.38934 

.87 

3.47752 

.38 

3.39110 

.88 

3.47929 

.39 

3.39287 

.89 

3.48105 

47.40 

3.39463 

47.90 

3.48281 

.41 

3.39639 

.91 

3.48458 

.42 

3.39816 

.92 

3.48634 

.43 

3.39992 

.93 

3.48810 

.44 

3.40169 

.94 

3.48987 

.45 

3.40345 

.95 

3.49163 

.46 

3.40521 

.96 

3.49339 

.47 

3.40698 

.97 

3.49516 

.48 

3  .  40874 

.98 

3.49692 

.49 

3.41050 

.99 

3.49869 

—111— 


MESABA  BESSEMER 


Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

48  .  00 

$3  .  50045 

48.50 

$3  .  58863 

.01 

3.50221 

.51 

3  .  59039 

.02 

3  .  50398 

.52 

3.59216 

.03 

3  .  50574 

.53 

3  .  59392 

.04 

3.50750 

.54 

3  .  59569 

.05 

3  .  50927 

.55 

3.59745 

.06 

3.51103 

.56 

3.59921 

.07 

3.51279 

.57 

3  .  60098 

.08 

3.51456 

.58 

3  .  60274 

.09 

3.51632 

.59 

3.60450 

48.10 

3.51809 

48.60 

3  .  60627 

.11 

3.51985 

.61 

3  .  60803 

.12 

3.52161 

.62 

3  .  60979 

.13 

3.52338 

.63 

3.61156 

.14 

3.52514 

.64 

3.61332 

.15 

3.52690 

.65 

3.61509 

.16 

3.52867 

.66 

3.61685 

.17 

3.53043 

.67 

3.61861 

.18 

3.53219 

.68 

3  .  62038 

.19 

3  .  53396 

.69 

3.62214 

48.20 

3.53572 

48.70 

3.62390 

.21 

3.53749 

.71 

3  .  62567 

.22 

3.53925 

.72 

3.62743 

.23 

3.54101 

.73 

3.62919 

.24 

3.54278 

.74 

3  .  63096 

.25 

3  .  54454 

.75 

3.63272 

.26 

3  .  54630 

.76 

3.63449 

.27 

3.54807 

.  77 

3.63625 

.28 

3  .  54983 

.78 

3.63801 

.29 

3.55159 

.79 

3.63978 

48.30 

3  .  55336 

48.80 

3.64154 

.31 

3.55512 

.81 

3.64330 

.32 

3.55689 

.82 

3.64507 

.33 

3  .  55865 

.83 

3.64683 

.34 

3.56041 

.84 

3.64859 

.35 

3.56218 

.85 

3.65036 

.36 

3.56394 

.86 

3.65212 

.37 

3.56570 

.87 

3  .  65389 

.38 

3.56747 

.88 

3.65565 

.39 

3.56923 

.89 

3.65741 

48.40 

3  .  57099 

48.90 

3.65918 

.41 

3  .  57276 

.91 

3.66094 

.42 

3  .  57452 

.92 

3  .  66270 

.43 

3.57629 

.93 

3  .  66447 

.44 

,3  .  57805 

.94 

3  .  66623 

.45 

3.57981 

.95 

3  .  66799 

.46 

3.58158 

.96 

3  .  66976 

.47 

3  .  58334 

.97 

3.67152 

.48 

3.58510 

.98 

3.67329 

.49 

3.58687 

.99 

3.67505 

-112— 


MESABA  BESSEMER 


Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

49  .  00 

$3.67681 

49.50 

$3.74295 

.01 

3.67814 

.51 

3.74427 

.02 

3.67946 

.52 

3.74559 

.03 

3  .  68078 

.53 

3.74692 

.04 

3.68210 

.54 

3.74824 

.05 

3  .  68343 

.55 

3.74956 

.06 

3  .  68475 

.56 

3.75089 

.07 

3.68607 

.57 

3.75221 

.08 

3.68739 

.58 

3.75353 

.09 

3.68872 

.59  ' 

3.75485 

49.10 

3  .  69004 

49.60 

3.75618 

.11 

3.69136 

.61 

3.75750 

.12 

3.69269 

.62 

3.75882 

.13 

3.69401 

.63 

3.76014 

.14 

3.69533 

.64 

3.76147 

.15 

3.69665 

.65 

3.76279 

.16 

3.69798 

.66 

3.76411 

.17 

3  .  69930 

.67 

3.76544 

.18 

3.70062 

.68 

3.76676 

.19 

3.70194 

.69 

3.76808 

49.20 

3.70327 

49.70 

3.76940 

.21 

3.70459 

.71 

3.77073 

.22 

3.70591 

.72 

3  .  77205 

.23 

3.70724 

.73 

3.77337 

.24 

3.70856 

.74 

3.77469 

.25 

3  .  70988 

.75 

3  .  77602 

.26 

3.71120 

.76 

3.77734 

.27 

3.71253 

.77 

3.77866 

.28 

3.71385 

.78 

3.77999 

.29 

3.71517 

.79 

3.78131 

49.30 

3.71649 

49.80 

3.78263 

.31 

3.71782 

.81 

3.78395 

.32 

3.71914 

.82 

3.78528 

.33 

3.72046 

.83 

3  .  78660 

.34 

3.72179 

.84 

3.78792 

.35 

3.72311 

.85 

3.78924 

.36 

3  .  72443 

.86 

3.79057 

.37 

3.72575 

.87 

3.79189 

.38 

3.72708 

.88 

3.79321 

.39 

3.72840 

.89 

3.79454 

49  .  40 

3.72972 

49.90 

3.79586 

.41 

3.73104 

.91 

3.79718 

.42 

3  .  73237 

.92 

3  .  79850 

.43 

3.73369 

.93 

3.79983 

.44 

3.73501 

.94 

3.80115 

.45 

3.73634 

.95 

3.80247 

.46 

3.73766 

.96 

3  .  80379 

.47 

3.73898 

.97 

3.80512 

.48 

3  .  74030 

.98 

3  .  80644 

.49 

3.74163 

.99 

3.80776 

—113— 


MESABA  BESSEMER 


Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

50.00 

$3.80909 

50.50 

$3.85318 

.01 

3  .  80997 

.51 

3.85406 

.02 

3.81085 

.52 

3.85494 

.03 

3.81173 

.53 

3.85582 

.04 

3.81261 

.54 

3  .  85670 

.05 

3.81349 

.55 

3.85758 

.06 

3.81438 

.56 

3  .  85847 

.07 

3.81526 

.57 

3  .  85935 

.08 

3.81614 

.58 

3.86023 

.09 

3.81702 

.59 

3.86111 

50.10 

3.81790 

50.60 

3.86199 

.11 

3.81878 

.61 

3.86288 

.12 

3.81967 

.62 

3.86376 

.13 

3.82055 

.63 

3  .  86464 

.14 

3.82143 

.64 

3  .  86552 

.15 

3.82231 

.65 

3  .  86640 

.16 

3.82319 

.66 

3.86728 

.17 

3.82408 

.67 

3.86817 

.18 

3.82496 

.68 

3.86905 

.19 

3.82584 

.69 

3  .  86993 

50.20 

3  .  82672 

50.70 

3.87081 

.21 

3.82760 

.71 

3.87169 

.22 

3.82848 

.72 

3.87258 

.23 

3.82937 

.73 

3.87346 

.24 

3.83025 

.74 

3.87434 

.25 

3.83113 

.75 

3.87522 

.26 

3.83201 

.76 

3.87610 

.27 

3.83289 

.77 

3.87698 

.28 

3.83378 

.78 

3.87787 

.29 

3.83466 

.79 

3.87875 

50.30 

3.83554 

50  .  80 

3  .  87963 

.31 

3.83642 

.81 

3.88051 

.32 

3.83730 

.82 

3.88139 

.33 

3.83818 

.83 

3.88228 

.34 

3.83907 

.84 

3.88316 

.35 

3.83995 

.85 

3.88404 

.36 

3.84083 

.86 

3.88492 

.37 

3.84171 

.87 

3.88580 

.38 

3  .  84259 

.88 

3  .  88668 

.39 

3  .  84348 

.89 

3  .  88757 

50.40 

3  .  84436 

50.90 

3  .  88845 

.41 

3  .  84524 

.91 

3  .  88933 

.42 

3.84612 

.92 

3.89021 

.43 

3  .  84700 

.93 

3.89109 

.44 

3.84788 

.94 

3.89198 

.45 

3.84877 

.95 

3.89286 

.46 

3.84965 

.96 

3.89374 

.47 

3  .  85053 

.97 

3.89462 

.48 

3.85141 

.98 

3.89550 

.49 

3.85229 

.99 

3.89638 

-114- 


Of  THE 

UNIVERSITY 

OF 
ILjFORHV! 

MESABA  BESSEMER 


Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

Per  Cent- 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

51.00 

$3.89727 

51.50 

$3.94136 

.01 

3.89815 

.51 

3.94224 

.02 

3  .  89903 

.52 

3.94312 

.03 

3.89991 

.53 

3  .  94400 

.04 

3  .  90079 

.54 

:'.  .  04488 

.05 

3.90168 

.55 

3.94577 

.06 

3.90256 

.56 

3.94665 

.07 

3.90344 

.57 

3.94753 

.08 

3.90432 

.58 

3.94841 

.09 

3.90520 

.59     . 

3.94929 

51.10 

3  .  90608 

51.60 

3.95018 

.11 

3  .  90697 

.61 

3.95106 

.12 

3.90785 

.62 

3.95194 

.13 

3.90873 

.63 

3  .  95282 

.14 

3.90961 

.64 

3.95370 

.15 

3.91049 

.65 

3.95458 

.16 

3.91138 

.66 

3.95547 

.17 

3.91226 

.67 

3.95635 

.18 

3.91314 

.68 

3.95723 

.19 

3.91402 

.69 

3.95811 

51.20 

3.91490 

51.70 

3.95899 

.21 

3.91578 

.71 

3  .  95988 

.22 

3.91667 

.72 

3  .  96076 

.23 

3.91755 

.73 

3.96164 

.24 

3.91843 

.74 

3.96252 

.25 

3.91931 

.75 

3  .  96340 

.26 

3.92019 

.76 

3  .  96428 

.27 

3.92108 

.77 

3.96517 

.28 

3.92196 

.78 

3.96605 

.29 

3.92284 

.79 

3  .  96693 

51.30 

3.92372 

51.80 

3.96781 

.31 

3  .  92460 

.81 

3.96869 

.32 

3.92548 

.82 

3.96958 

.33 

3.92637 

.83 

3.9J046 

.34 

3.92725 

.84 

3.97134 

.35 

3.92813 

.85 

3.97222 

.36 

3.92901 

.86 

3.97310 

.37 

3.92989 

.87 

3.97398 

.38 

3  .  93078 

.88 

3  .  97487 

.39 

3.93166 

.89 

3.97575 

51  .  40 

3.93254 

51.90 

3.97663 

.41 

3  .  93342 

.91 

3.97751 

.42 

3.93430 

.92 

3.97839 

.43 

3.93518 

.93 

3.97928 

.44 

3.93607 

.94 

3.98016 

.45 

3.93695 

.95 

3.98104 

.46 

3.93783 

.96 

3.98192 

.47 

3.93871 

.97 

3  .  98280 

.48 

3  .  93959 

.98 

3  .  98368 

.49 

3.94048 

.99 

3.98457 

—115— 


MESABA  BESSEMER 


Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

52.00 

$3  .  98545 

52.50 

$4  .  02954 

.01 

3  .  98633 

.51 

4.03042 

.02 

3.98721 

.52 

4.03130 

.03 

3  .  98809 

.53 

4.03218 

.04 

3.98898 

.54 

4  .  03307 

.05 

3.98986 

.55 

4.03395 

.06 

3.99074 

.56 

4.03483 

.07 

3.99162 

.57 

4.03571 

.08 

3.99250 

.58 

4.03659 

.09 

3.99338 

.59 

4.03748 

52.10 

3.99427 

52.60 

4  .  03836 

.11 

3.99515 

.61 

4.03924 

.12 

3  .  99603 

.62 

4.04012 

.13 

3.99691 

.63 

4.04100 

.14 

3.99779 

.64 

4.04188 

.15 

3.99868 

.65 

4.04277 

.16 

3.99956 

.66 

4  .  04365 

.17 

4  .  00044 

.67 

4.04453 

.18 

4.00132 

.68 

4.04541 

.19 

4.00220 

.69 

4.04629 

52.20 

4  .  00308 

52.70 

4.04718 

.21 

4  .  00397 

.71 

4  .  04806 

.22 

4.00485 

.72 

4.04894 

.23 

4.00573 

.73 

4  .  04982 

.24 

4.00661 

.74 

4.05070 

.25 

4.00749 

.75 

4.05158 

.26 

4.00838 

.76 

4.05247 

.27 

4.00926 

.77 

4.05335 

.28 

4.01014 

.78 

4.05423 

.29 

4.01102 

.79 

4.05511 

52  .  30 

4.01190 

52.80 

4.05599 

.31 

4.01278 

.81 

4.05688 

.32 

4.01367 

.82 

4.05776 

.33 

4.01455 

.83 

4.05864 

.34 

4.01543 

.84 

4.05952 

.35 

4.01631 

.85 

4  .  06040 

.36 

4.01719 

.86 

4.06128 

.37 

4.01808 

.87 

4.06217 

.38 

4.01896 

.88 

4.06305 

.39 

4.01984 

.89 

4  .  06393 

52.40 

4.02072 

52.90 

4.06481 

.41 

4.02160 

.91 

4.06569 

.42 

4.02248 

.92 

4  .  06658 

.43 

4.02337 

.93 

4.06746 

.44 

4.02425 

.94 

4  .  06834 

.45 

4.02513 

.95 

4.06922 

.46 

4.02601 

.96 

4.07010 

.47 

4.02689 

.97 

4.07098 

.48 

4.02778 

.98 

4.07187 

.49 

4.02866 

.99 

4.07275 

—116— 


MESABA  BESSEMER 


Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

53.00 

$4.07363 

53.50 

$4.11772 

.01 

4.07451 

.51 

4.11860 

.02 

4.07539 

.52 

4.11948 

.03 

4.07628 

.53 

4.12037 

.04 

4.07716 

.54 

4.12125 

.05 

4.07804 

.55 

4.12213 

.00 

4.07892 

.56 

4.12301 

.07 

4.07980 

.57 

4.12389 

.08 

4  .  08068 

.58 

4.12478 

.09 

4.08157 

.59  * 

4.12566 

53  .  10 

4.08245 

53  .  60 

4.12654 

.11 

4.08333 

.61 

4.12742 

.12 

4.08421 

.62 

4.12830 

.13 

4.08509 

.63 

4.12918 

.14 

4.08598 

.64 

4.13007 

.15 

4.08686 

.65 

4.13095 

.16 

4.08774 

.66 

4.13183 

.17 

4.08862 

.67 

4.13271 

.18 

4  .  08950 

.68 

4.13359 

.19 

4.09038 

.69 

4.13448 

53  .  20 

4.09127 

53  .  70 

4.13536 

.21 

4.09215 

.71 

4.13624 

.22 

4.09303 

.72 

4.13712 

.23 

4.09391 

.73 

4.13800 

.24 

4.09479 

.74 

4.13888 

.25 

4.09568 

.75 

4.13977 

.26 

4.09656 

.76 

4.14065 

.27 

4.09744 

.77 

4.14153 

.28 

4.09832 

.78 

4.14241 

.29 

4.09920 

.79 

4.14329 

53  .  30 

4.10008 

53.80 

4.14418 

.31 

4.10097 

.81 

4.14506 

.32 

4.10185 

.82 

4.14594 

.33 

4.10273 

.83 

4.14682 

.34 

4.10361 

.84 

4.14770 

.35 

4.10449 

.85 

4.14858 

.36 

4.10538 

.86 

4.14947 

.37 

4.10626 

.87 

4.15035 

.38 

4.10714 

.88 

4.15123 

.39 

4.10802 

.89 

4.15211 

53.40 

4.10890 

53  .  90 

4.15299 

.41 

4.10978 

.91 

4.15388 

.42 

4.11067 

.92 

4.15476 

.43 

4.11155 

.93 

4.15564 

.44 

4.11243 

.94 

4.15652 

.45 

4.11331 

.95 

4.15740 

.46 

4.11419 

.96 

4.15828 

.47 

4.11508 

.97 

4.15917 

.48 

4.11596 

.98 

4.16005 

.49 

4.11684 

.99 

4.16093 

—117— 


MESABA  BESSEMER 


Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

54.00 

$4.16181 

54.50 

$4.20590 

.01 

4.16269 

.51 

4.20678 

.02 

4.16358 

.52 

4.20767 

.03 

4.16446 

.53 

4  .  20855 

.04 

4.16534 

.54 

4.20943 

.05 

4.16622 

.55 

4.21031 

.06 

4.16710 

.56 

4.21119 

.07 

4.16798 

.57 

4.21208 

.08 

4.16887 

.58 

4.21296 

.09 

4.16975 

.59 

4.21384 

54.10 

4.17063 

54.60 

4.21472 

.11 

4.17151 

.61 

4.21560 

.12 

4.17239 

.62 

4.21648 

.13 

4.17328 

.63 

4.21737 

.14 

4.17416 

.64 

4.21825 

.15 

4.17504 

.65 

4.21913 

.16 

4.17592 

.66 

4.22001 

.17 

4.17680 

.67 

4.22089 

.18 

4.17768 

.68 

4.22178 

.19 

4.17857 

.69 

4.22266 

54.20 

4.17945 

54.70 

4.22354 

.21 

4.18033 

.  71 

4.22442 

.22 

4.18121 

.72 

4.22530 

.23 

4.18209 

.73 

4.22618 

,24 

4.18298 

.74 

4.22707 

.25 

4.18386 

.75 

4.22795 

.26 

4.18474 

.76 

4.22883 

.27 

4.18562 

.77 

4.22971 

.28 

4.18650 

.78 

4.23059 

.29 

4.18738 

.79 

4.23148 

54.30 

4.18827 

54.80 

4  .  23236 

.31 

4.18915 

.81 

4.23324 

.32 

4.19003 

.82 

4.23412 

.33 

4.19091 

.83 

4.23500 

.34 

4.19179 

.84 

4  .  23588 

.35 

4.19268 

.85 

4.23677 

.36 

4.19356 

.86 

4.23765 

.37 

4.19444 

.87 

4  .  23853 

.38 

4.19532 

.88 

4.23941 

.39 

4.19620 

.89 

4.24029 

54.40 

4.19708 

54.90 

4.24118 

.41 

4.19797 

.91 

4.24206 

.42 

4.19885 

.92 

4.24294 

.43 

4.19973 

.93 

4.24382 

.44 

4.20061 

.94 

4.24470 

.45 

4.20149 

.95 

4.24558 

.46 

4.20238 

.96 

4.24647 

.47 

4.20326 

.97 

4.24735 

.48 

4.20414 

.98 

4.24823 

.49 

4.20502 

.99 

4.24911 

—118— 


MESABA  BESSEMER 


Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

55.00 

$4.24999 

55.50 

$4.29908 

.01 

4.25098 

.51 

4.30007 

.02 

4.25196 

.52 

4.30105 

.03 

4.25294 

.53 

4.30203 

.04 

4.25392 

.54 

4.30301 

.05 

4.25490 

.55 

4.30399 

.06 

4.25588 

.56 

4.30498 

.07 

4.25687 

.57 

4  .  30596 

.08 

4.25785 

.58 

4.30694 

.09 

4.25883 

.59 

4.30792 

55.10 

4.25981 

55.60 

4.30890 

.11 

4.26079 

.61 

4.30988 

.12 

4.26178 

.62 

4.31087 

.13 

4.26276 

.63 

4.31185 

.14 

4.26374 

.64 

4.31283 

.15 

4.26472 

.65 

4.31381 

.16 

4.26570 

.66 

4.31479 

.17 

4.26668 

.67 

4.31578 

.18 

4.26767 

.68 

4.31676 

.19 

4.26865 

.69 

4.31774 

55.20 

4.26963 

55.70 

4.31872 

.21 

4.27061 

.71 

4.31970 

.22 

4.27159 

.72 

4.32068 

.23 

4.27258 

.73 

4.32167 

.24 

4.27356 

.74 

4.32265 

.25 

4.27454 

.75 

4.32363 

.26 

4.27552 

.76 

4.32461 

.27 

4.27650 

.77 

4.32559 

.28 

4.27748 

.78 

4.32658 

.29 

4.27847 

.79 

4.32756 

55.30 

4.27945 

55.80 

4.32854 

.31 

4.28043 

.81 

4.32952 

.32 

4.28141 

.82 

4.33050 

.33 

4.28239 

.83 

4.33148 

.34 

4.28338 

.84 

4  .  33247 

.35 

4.28436 

.85 

4.33345 

.36 

4.28534 

.86 

4.33443 

.37 

4.28632 

.87 

4.33541 

.38 

4.28730 

.88 

4.33639 

.39 

4.28828 

.89 

4.33738 

55.40 

4.28927 

55.90 

4.33836 

.41 

4.29025 

.91 

4.33934 

.42 

4.29123 

.92 

4.34032 

.43 

4.29221 

.93 

4.34130 

.44 

4.29319 

.94 

4.34228 

.45 

4.29418 

.95 

4.34327 

.46 

4.29516 

.96 

4.34425 

.47 

4.29614 

.97 

4.34523 

.48 

4.29712 

.98 

4.34621 

.49 

4.29810 

.99 

4.34719 

—119— 


MESABA  BESSEMER 


Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

56.00 

$4.34818 

56.50 

$4.40227 

.01 

4.34926 

.51 

4.40335 

.02 

4.35034 

.52 

4  .  40443 

.03 

4.35142 

.53 

4.40551 

.04 

4.35250 

.54 

4.40659 

.05 

4.35358 

.55 

4.40768 

.06 

4.35467 

.56 

4.40876 

.07 

4.35575 

.57 

4.40984 

.08 

4.35683 

.58 

4.41092 

.09 

4.35791 

.59 

4.41200 

56.10 

4.35899 

56.60 

4.41308 

.11 

4.36008 

.61 

4.41417 

.12 

4.36116 

.62 

4.41525 

.13 

4.36224 

.63 

4.41633 

.14 

4.36332 

.64 

4.41741 

.15 

4.36440 

.65 

4.41849 

.16 

4.36548 

.66 

4.41958 

.17 

4.36657 

.67 

4.42066 

.18 

4.36765 

.68 

4.42174 

.19 

4.36873 

.69 

4  .  42282 

56.20 

4.36981 

56.70 

4  .  42390 

.21 

4.37089 

.71 

4.42498 

.22 

4.37198 

.72 

4.42607 

.23 

4.37306 

.73 

4.42715 

.24 

4.37414 

.74 

4  .  42823 

.25 

4.37522 

.75 

4.42931 

.26 

4.37630 

.76 

4.43039 

.27 

4.37738 

.  77 

4.43148 

.28 

4.37847 

.78 

4.43256 

.29 

4.37955 

.79 

4.43364 

56.30 

4.38063 

56.80 

4.43472 

.31 

4.38171 

.81 

4.43580 

.32 

4.38279 

.82 

4.43688 

.33 

4.38388 

.83 

4.43797 

.34 

4  .  38496 

.84 

4.43905 

.35 

4.38604 

.85 

4.44013 

.36 

4.38712 

.86 

4.44121 

.37 

4.38820 

.87 

4.44229 

.38 

4.38928 

.88 

4.44338 

.39 

4.39037 

.89 

4  .  44446 

56.40 

4.39145 

56.90 

4.44554 

.41 

4.39253 

.91 

4.44662 

.42 

4.39361 

.92 

4.44770 

.43 

4.39469 

.93 

4.44878 

.44 

4.39578 

.94 

4.44987 

.45 

4.39686 

.95 

4.45095 

.46 

4.39794 

.96 

4.45203 

.47 

4.39902 

.97 

4.45311 

.48 

4.40010 

.98 

4.45419 

.49 

4.40118 

.99 

4.45528 

—120— 


MESABA  BESSEMER 


Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

57.00 

$4.45636 

57.50 

$4.51545 

.01 

4.45754 

.51 

4.51663 

.02 

4.45872 

.52 

4.51781 

.03 

4.45990 

.53 

4.51899 

.04 

4.46108 

.54 

4.52018 

.05 

4.46227 

.55 

4.52136 

.06 

4  .  46345 

.56 

4.52254 

.07 

4  .  46463 

.57 

4.52372 

.08 

4.46581 

.58 

4  .  52490 

.09 

4  .  46699 

.59   . 

4  .  52608 

57.10 

4.46818 

57  .  60 

4.52727 

.11 

4.46936 

.61 

4.52845 

.12 

4  .  47054 

.62 

4.52963 

.13 

4.47172 

.63 

FT  4.53081 

.14 

4.47290 

.64 

'  4.53199 

.15 

4.47408 

.65 

4.53318 

.16 

4.47527 

.66 

4.53436 

.17 

4.47645 

.67 

4.53554 

.18 

4.47763 

.68 

4.53672 

.19 

4.47881 

.69 

4  .  53790 

57  .  20 

4.47999 

57.70 

4.53908 

.21 

4.48118 

.71 

4.54027 

.22 

4  .  48236 

.72 

4.54145 

.23 

4.48354 

.73 

4.54263 

.24 

4.48472 

.74 

4.54381 

.25 

4  .  48590 

.75 

4  .  54499 

.26 

4  .  48708 

.76 

4.54618 

.27 

4.48827 

.77 

4  .  54736 

.28 

4  .  48945 

.78 

4  .  54854 

.29 

4.49063 

.79 

4.54972 

57.30 

4.49181 

57.80 

4.55090 

.31 

4.49299 

.81 

4.55208 

.32 

4.49418 

.82 

4.55327 

.33 

4  .  49536 

.83 

4.55445 

.34 

4  .  49654 

.84 

4.55563 

.35 

4.49772 

.85 

4.55681 

.36 

4  .  49890 

.86 

4.55799 

.37 

4  .  50008 

.87 

4.55918 

.38 

4.50127 

.88 

4.56036 

.39 

4.50245 

.89 

4.56154 

57.40 

4  .  50363 

57.90 

4  .  56272 

.41 

4.50481 

.91 

4  .  56390 

.42 

4  .  50599 

.92 

4.56508 

.43 

4.50718 

.93 

4.56627 

.44 

4  .  50836 

.94 

4.56745 

.45 

4.50954 

.95 

4.56863 

.46 

4.51072 

.96 

4.56981 

.47 

4.51190 

.97 

4.57099 

.48 

4.51308 

.98 

4.57218 

.49 

4.51427 

.99 

4.57336 

—121— 


MESABA  BESSEMER 


Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

58.00 

$4  .  57454 

58.50 

$4.63863 

.01 

4.57582 

.51 

4.63991 

.02 

4.57710 

.52 

4.64119 

.03 

4.57838 

.53 

4.64248 

.04 

4.57967 

.54 

4.64376 

.05 

4.58095 

.55 

4.64504 

.06 

4.58223 

.56   • 

4.64632 

.07 

4.58351 

.57 

4.64760 

.08 

4.58479 

.58 

4.64888 

.09 

4.58608 

.59 

4.65017 

58.10 

4.58736 

58.60 

4.65145 

.11 

4  .  58864 

.61 

4.65273 

.12 

4.58992 

.62 

4.65401 

.13 

4.59120 

.63 

4.65529 

.14 

4.59248 

.64 

4.65658 

.15 

4.59377 

.65 

4.65786 

.16 

4.59505 

.66 

4.65914 

.17 

4.59633 

.67 

4  .  66042 

.18 

4.59761 

.68 

4.66170 

.19 

4.59889 

.69 

4.66298 

58.20 

4.60018 

58.70 

4.66427 

.21 

4.60146 

.71 

4.66555 

.22   • 

4.60274 

.72 

4.66683 

.23 

4  .  60402 

.73 

4.66811 

.24 

4.60530 

.74 

4.66939 

.25 

4.60658 

.75 

4.67068 

.26 

4.60787 

.76 

4.67196 

.27 

4.60915 

.77 

4.67324 

.28 

4.61043 

.78 

4.67452 

.29 

4.61171 

.79 

4.67580 

58.30 

4.61299 

58.80 

4.67708 

.31 

4.61428 

.81 

4.67837 

.32 

4.61556 

.82 

4.67965 

.33 

4.61684 

.83 

4  .  68093 

.34 

4.61812 

.84 

4.68221 

.35 

4.61940 

.85 

4.68349 

.36 

4.62068 

.86 

4.68478 

.37 

4.62197 

.87 

4.68606 

.38 

4.62325 

.88 

4.68734 

.39 

4.62453 

.89 

4.68862 

58.40 

4.62581 

58.90 

4.68990 

.41 

4.62709 

.91 

4.69118 

.42 

4.62838 

.92 

4.69247 

.43 

4.62966 

.93 

4.69375 

.44 

4.63094 

.94 

4.69503 

.45 

4.63222 

.95 

4.69631 

.46 

4.63350 

.96 

4.69759 

.47 

4.63478 

.97 

4.69888 

.48 

4.63607 

.98 

4.70016 

.49 

4.63735 

.99 

4.70144 

—122— 


MESABA  BESSEMER 


Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

59.00 

$4.70272 

59.50 

$4.77181 

.01 

4.70410 

.51 

4.77319 

.02 

4.70548 

.52 

4.77458 

.03 

4  .  70687 

.53 

4.77596 

.04 

4.70825 

.54 

4.77734 

.05 

4.70963 

.55 

4.77872 

.06 

4.71101 

.56 

4.78010 

.07 

4.71239 

.57 

4.78148 

.08 

4.71378 

.58 

4.78287 

.09 

4.71516 

.59 

4.78425 

59.10 

4.71654 

59.60 

4.78563 

.11 

4.71792 

.61 

4.78701 

.12 

4.71930 

.62 

4.78839 

.13 

4.72068 

.63 

4.78978 

.14 

4.72207 

.64 

4.79116 

.15 

4.72345 

.65 

4.79254 

.16 

4.72483 

.66 

4.79392 

.17 

4.72621 

.67 

4.79530 

.18 

4.72759 

.68 

4.79668 

.19 

4.72898 

.69 

4.79807 

59.20 

4.73036 

59.70 

4.79945 

.21 

4.73174 

.71 

4.80083 

.22 

4.73312 

.72 

4.80221 

.23 

4.73450 

.73 

4.80359 

.24 

4  .  73588 

.74 

4  .  80498 

.25 

4.73727 

.75 

4  .  80636 

.26 

4.73865 

.76 

4.80774 

.27 

4.74003 

.77 

4.80912 

.28 

4.74141 

.78 

4.81050 

.29 

4.74279 

.79 

4.81188 

59.30 

4.74418 

59.80 

4.81327 

.31 

4.74556 

.81 

4.81465 

.32 

4  .  74694 

.82 

4.81603 

.33 

4.74832 

.83 

4.81741 

.34 

4.74970 

.84 

4.81879 

.35 

4.75108 

.85 

4.82018 

.36 

4.75247 

.86 

4.82156 

.37 

4.75385 

.87 

4.82294 

.38 

4.75523 

.88 

4.82432 

.39 

4.75661 

.89 

4.82570 

59.40 

4  .  75799 

59.90 

4.82708 

.41 

4.75938 

.91 

4.82847 

.42 

4.76076 

.92 

4.82985 

.43 

4.76214 

.93 

4.83123 

.44 

4.76352 

.94 

4.83261 

.45 

4.76490 

.95 

4.83399 

.46 

4.76628 

.96 

4  .  83538 

.47 

4.76767 

.97 

4.83676 

.48 

4.76905 

.98 

4.83814 

.49 

4.77043 

.99 

4  .  83952 

—123— 


MESABA  BESSEMER 


Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

60.00 

$4  .  84090 

60.50 

$4  .  88499 

.01 

4.84178 

.51 

4.88588 

.02 

4  .  84267 

.52 

4  .  88676 

.03 

4  .  84355 

.53 

4.88764 

.04 

4  .  84443 

.54 

4.88852 

.05 

4.84531 

.  55 

4  .  88940 

.06 

4.84619 

.56 

4  .  89028 

.07 

4.84708 

.57 

4.89117 

.08 

4.84796 

.58 

4  .  89205 

.09 

4  .  84884 

.59 

4  .  89293 

60.10 

4.84972 

60.60 

4.89381 

.11 

4  .  85060 

.61 

4  .  89469 

.12 

4.85148 

.62 

4.89558 

.13 

4.85237 

.63 

4.89646 

.14 

4  .  85325 

.64 

4.89734 

.15 

4.85413 

.65 

4.89822 

.16 

4.85501 

.66 

4.89910 

.17 

4  .  85589 

.67 

4.89998 

.18 

4.85678 

.68 

4  .  90087 

.19 

4  .  85766 

.69 

4.90175 

60.20 

4  .  85854 

60.70 

4.90263 

.21 

4  .  85942 

.71 

4.90351 

.22 

4  .  86030 

.72 

4.90439 

.23 

4.86118 

.73 

4.90528 

.24 

4  .  86207 

.74 

4.90616 

.25 

4.86295 

.75 

4.90704 

.26 

4  .  86383 

.76 

4.90792 

.27 

4.86471 

.77 

4  .  90880 

.28 

4.86559 

.78 

4  .  90968 

.29 

4  .  86648 

.79 

4.91057 

60.30 

4.86736 

60.80 

4.91145 

.31 

4.86824 

.81 

4.91233 

.32 

4.86912 

.82 

4.91321 

.33 

4.87000 

.83 

4.91409 

.34 

4.87088 

.84 

4.91498 

.35 

4.87177 

.85 

4.91586 

.36 

4.87265 

.86 

4.91674 

.37 

4.87353 

.87 

4.91762 

.38 

4.87441 

.88 

4.91850 

.39 

4.87529 

.89 

4.91938 

60.40 

4.87618 

60.90 

4  .  92027 

.41 

4  .  87706 

.91 

4.92115 

.42 

4.87794 

.92 

4  .  92203 

.43 

4  .  87882 

.93 

4.92291 

.44 

4  .  87970 

.94 

4  .  92379 

.45 

4  .  88058 

.95 

4  .  92468 

.46 

4.88147 

.96 

4  .  92556 

.47 

4.88235 

.97 

4.92644 

.48 

4.88323 

.98 

4.92732 

.49 

4.88411 

.99 

4.92820 

MESABA  BESSEMER 


Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

01.00 

$4.  92908 

61.50 

$4.97318 

.01 

4.92997 

.51 

4.97406 

.02 

4.93085 

.52 

4.97494 

.03 

4.93173 

.53 

4.97582 

.04 

4.93261 

.54 

4.97670 

.05 

4  .  93349 

.55 

4.97758 

.06 

4.93438 

.56 

4.97847 

.07 

4.93526 

.57 

4.97935 

.08 

4.93614 

.58 

4.98023 

.09 

4.93702 

.59  , 

4.98111 

61.10 

4.93790 

61  .  60 

4.98199 

.11 

4.93878 

.61 

4  .  98288 

.12 

4.93967 

.62 

4.98376 

.13 

4  .  94055 

.63 

4.98464 

.14 

4.94143 

.64 

4.98552 

.15 

4.94231 

.65 

4  .  98640 

.16 

4.94319 

.66 

4.98728 

.17 

4  .  94408 

.67 

4.98817 

.18 

4.94496 

.68 

4.98905 

.19 

4.94584 

.69 

4.98993 

61.20 

4.94672 

61.70 

4.99081 

.21 

4.94760 

.71 

4.99169 

.22 

4.94848 

.72 

4.99258 

.23 

4.94937 

.73 

4.99346 

.24 

4.95025 

.74 

4.99434 

.25 

4.95113 

.75 

4  .  99522 

.26 

4.95201 

.76 

4.99610 

.27 

4.95289 

.77 

4.99698 

.28 

4.95378 

.78 

4.99787 

.29 

4  .  95466 

.79 

4  .  99875 

61.30 

4.95554 

61.80 

4.99963 

.31 

4.95642 

.81 

5.00051 

.32 

4.95730 

.82 

5.00139 

.33 

4.95818 

.83 

5.00228 

.34 

4.95907 

.84 

5.00316 

.35 

4.95995 

.85 

5.00404 

.36 

4.96083 

.86 

5  .  00492 

.37 

4.96171 

.87 

5.00580 

.38 

4  .  96259 

.88 

5  .  00668 

.39 

4.96348 

.89 

5.00757 

61.40 

4.96436 

61  .  90 

5.00845 

.41 

4.96524 

.91 

5.00933 

.42 

4.96612 

.92 

5.01021 

.43 

4.96700 

.93 

5.01109 

.44 

4  .  96788 

.94 

5.01198 

.45 

4.96877 

.95 

5.01286 

.46 

4.96965 

.96 

5.01374 

-  .47 

4.97053 

.97 

5.01462 

.48 

4.97141 

.98 

5.01550 

.49 

4.97229 

.99 

5.01638 

—125— 


OLD  RANGE-VERMILION 
NON-BESSEMER 

NATURAL  IRON  ORE 

LAKE  ERIE  PRICES 


1911 


16  TABLES 

45  PER  CENT  TO  60  PER  CENT 
INCLUSIVE 


COMPILED  BY 

RUKARD  KURD 


OLD  RANGE-VERMILION  NON-BESSEMER 


Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

45.00 

$2.78155 

45.50 

$2  .  86504 

.01 

2.78322 

.51 

2.86671 

.02 

2.78489 

.52 

2.86838 

.03 

2.78656 

.53 

2.87005 

.04 

2.78823 

.54 

2.87172 

.05 

2.78990 

.55 

2.87339 

.06 

2.79157 

.56 

2.87506 

.07 

2.79324 

.57 

2.87673 

.08 

2.79491 

.58 

2  .  87840 

.09 

2.79658 

.59 

2.88007 

45.10 

2.79825 

-45.60 

2.88174 

.11 

2.79992 

.61 

2.88341 

.12 

2.80159 

.62 

2.88508 

.13 

2  .  80326 

.63 

2.88675 

.14 

2  .  80493 

.64 

2.88842 

.15 

2.80660 

.65 

2  .  89009 

.16 

2.80827 

.66 

2.89176 

.17 

2.80993 

.67 

2.89343 

.18 

2.81160 

.68 

2.89510 

.19 

2.81327 

.69 

2.89677 

45.20 

2.81494 

45.70 

2.89844 

.21 

2.81661 

.71 

2.90011 

.22 

2.81828 

.72 

2.90178 

.23 

2.81995 

.73 

2.90345 

.24 

2.82162 

.74 

2.90512 

.25 

2.82329 

.75 

2.90679 

.26 

2  .  82496 

.76 

2.90846 

.27 

2.82663 

.77 

2.91013 

.28 

2.82830 

.78 

2.91180 

.29 

2.82997 

.79 

2.91347 

45.30 

2.83164 

45.80 

2.91514 

.31 

2.83331 

.81 

2.91681 

.32 

2  .  83498 

.82 

2.91848 

.33 

2.83665 

.83 

2.92015 

.34 

2  .  83832 

.84 

2.92182 

.35 

2.83999 

.85 

2.92349 

.36 

2.84166 

.86 

2.92516 

.37 

2  .  84333 

.87 

2.92683 

.38 

2.84500 

.88 

2.92850 

.39 

2.84667 

.89 

2.93017 

45.40 

2.84834 

45.90 

2.93184 

.41 

2.85001 

.91 

2.93351 

.42 

2.85168 

.92 

2.93518 

.43 

2  .  85335 

.93 

2  .  93685 

.44 

2  .  85502 

.94 

2.93852 

.45 

2  .  85669 

.95 

2.94019 

.46 

2  .  85836 

.96 

2.94186 

.47 

2.86003 

.97 

2.94353 

.48 

2.86170 

.98 

2.94520 

.49 

2.86337 

.99 

2.94687 

—129— 


OLD  RANGE-VERMILION  NON-BESSEMER 


Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

46.00 

$2.94854 

46.50 

$3.03203 

.01 

2.95021 

.51 

3.03370 

.02 

2.95188 

.52 

3.03537 

.03 

2.95355 

.53 

3.03704 

.04 

2.95522 

.54 

3.03871 

.05 

2.95689 

.55 

3.04038 

.06 

2.95856 

.56 

3.04205 

.07 

2.96023 

.57 

3.04372 

.08 

2.96190 

.58 

3.04539 

.09 

2.96357 

.59 

3.04706 

46.10 

2.96524 

46.60 

3.04873 

.11 

2.96691 

.61 

3.05040 

.12 

2.96858 

.62 

3.05207 

.13 

2.97025 

.63 

3.05374 

.14 

2.97192 

.64 

3.05541 

.15 

2.97359 

.65 

3.05708 

.16 

2.97526 

.66 

3.05875 

.17 

2.97693 

.67 

3.06042 

.18 

2.97860 

.68 

3.06209 

.19 

2.98026 

.69 

3.06376 

46.20 

2.98193 

46.70 

3.06543 

.21 

2.98360 

.71 

3.06710 

.22 

2.98527 

.72 

3.06877 

.23 

2.98694 

.73 

3.07044 

.24 

2.98861 

.74 

3.07211 

.25 

2.99028 

.75 

3.07378 

.26 

2.99195 

.76 

3.07545 

.27 

2.99362 

.77 

3.07712 

.28 

2.99529 

.78 

3.07879 

.29 

2.99696 

.79 

3.08046 

46.30 

2.99863 

46.80 

3.08213 

.31 

3  .  00030 

.81 

3.08380 

.32 

3.00197 

.82 

3.08547 

.33 

3.00364 

.83 

3.08714 

.34 

3.00531 

.84 

3.08881 

.35 

3.00698 

.85 

3.09048 

.36 

3.00865 

.86 

3.09215 

.37 

3.01032 

.87 

3.09382 

.38 

3.01199 

.88 

3.09549 

.39 

3.01366 

.89 

3.09716 

46.40 

3.01533 

46.90 

3.09883 

.41 

3.01700 

.91 

3.10050 

.42 

3.01867 

.92 

3.10217 

.43 

3.02034 

.93 

3.10384 

.44 

3.02201 

.94 

3.10551 

.45 

3.02368 

.95 

3.10718 

.46 

3.02535 

.96 

3.10885 

.47 

3.02702 

.97 

3.11052 

.48 

3.02869 

.98 

3.11219 

.49 

3.03036 

.99 

3.11386 

—130— 


OLD  RANGE-VERMILION  NON-BESSEMER 


Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

47.00 

$3.11553 

47.50 

S3.  19902 

.01 

3.11720 

.51 

3  .  20069 

.02 

3.11887 

.52 

3.20236 

.03 

3.12054 

.53 

3  .  20403 

.04 

3.12221 

.54 

3.20570 

.05 

3.12388 

.55 

3.20737 

.06 

3.12555 

.56 

3.20904 

.07 

3.12722 

.57 

3.21071 

.08 

3  .  12889 

.58 

3.21238 

.09 

3.13056 

.  .59 

3.21405 

47.10 

3.13223 

47.60 

3.21572 

.11 

3.13390 

.61 

3.21739 

.12 

3.13557 

.62 

3.21906 

.13 

3.13724 

.63 

3.22073 

.14 

3.13891 

.64 

3.22240 

.15 

3.14058 

.65 

3.22407 

.16 

3.14225 

.66 

3.22574 

.17 

3.14392 

.67 

3.22741 

.18 

3.14559 

.68 

3.22908 

.19 

3.14726 

.69 

3.23075 

47.20 

3.14893 

47.70 

3  .  23242 

.21 

3.15059 

.71 

3.23409 

.22 

3.15226 

.72 

3.23576 

.23 

3.15393 

.73 

3.23743 

.24 

3.15560 

.74 

3.23910 

.25 

3.15727 

.75 

3.24077 

.26 

3.15894 

.76 

3.24244 

.27 

3.16061 

.77 

3.24411 

.28 

3.16228 

.78 

3.24578 

.29 

3.16395 

.79 

3.24745 

47.30 

3.16562 

47.80 

3.24912 

.31 

3.16729 

.81 

3.25079 

.32 

3.16896 

.82 

3.25246 

.33 

3.17063 

.83 

3.25413 

.34 

3.17230 

.84 

3.25580 

.35 

3.17397 

.85 

3.25747 

.36 

3.17564 

.86 

3.25914 

.37 

3.17731 

.87 

3.26081 

.38 

3.17898 

.88 

3.26248 

.39 

3.18065 

.89 

3.26415 

47.40 

3.18232 

47.90 

3.26582 

.41 

3.18399 

.91 

3.26749 

.42 

3.18566 

.92 

3.26916 

.43 

3.18733 

.93 

3  .  27083 

.44 

3.18900 

.94 

3.27250 

.45 

3.19067 

.95 

3.27417 

.46 

3.19234 

.96 

3.27584 

.47 

3.19401 

.97 

3.27751 

.48 

3.19568 

.98 

3.27918 

.49 

3.19735 

.99 

3.28085 

—131— 


OLD  RANGE-VERMILION  NON-BESSEMER 


Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

48.00 

S3  .  28252 

48.50 

$3.36601 

.01 

3.28419 

.51 

3.36768 

.02 

3  .  28586 

.52 

3.36935 

.03 

3.28753 

.53 

3.37102 

.04 

3.28920 

.54 

3.37269 

.05 

3  .  29087 

.55 

3.37436 

.06 

3.29254 

.56 

3.37603 

.07 

3.29421 

.57 

3.37770 

.08 

3.29588 

.58 

3.37937 

.09 

3.29755 

.59 

3.38104 

48.10 

3.29922 

48.60 

3.38271 

.11 

3  .  30089 

.61 

3  .  38438 

.12 

3.30256 

.62 

3.38605 

.13 

3  .  30423 

.63 

3.38772 

.14 

3  .  30590 

.64 

3  .  38939 

.15 

3.30757 

.65 

3.39106 

.16 

3.30924 

.66 

3.39273 

.17 

3.31091 

.67 

3  .  39440 

.18 

3.31258 

.68 

3.39607 

.19 

3.31425 

.69 

3.39774 

48.20 

3.31592 

48.70 

3.39941 

.21 

3.31759 

.71 

3.40108 

.22 

3.31926 

.72 

3.40275 

.23 

3.32092 

.73 

3.40442 

.24 

3.32259 

.74 

3.40609 

.25 

3.32426 

.75 

3.40776 

.26 

3  .  32593 

.76 

3.40943 

.27 

3.32760 

.77 

3.41110 

.28 

3  .  32927 

.78 

3.41277 

.29 

3  .  33094 

.79 

3.41444 

48.30 

3.33261 

48.80 

3.41611 

.31 

3  .  33428 

.81 

3.41778 

.32 

3.33595 

.82 

3.41945 

.33 

3  .  33762 

.83 

3.42112 

.34 

3  .  33929 

.84 

3.42279 

.35 

3.34096 

.85 

3.42446 

.36 

3  .  34263 

.86 

3.42613 

.37 

3  .  34430 

.87 

3.42780 

.38 

3.34597 

.88 

3.42947 

.39 

3  .  34764 

.89 

3.43114 

48  .  40 

3.34931 

48.90 

3.43281 

.41 

3  .  35098 

.91 

3.43448 

.42 

3.35265 

.92 

3.43615 

.43 

3  .  35432 

.93 

3.43782 

.44 

3  .  35599 

.94 

3.43949 

.45 

3.35766 

.95 

3.44116 

.46 

3.35933 

.96 

3.44283 

.47 

3.36100 

.97 

3  .  44450 

.48 

3.36267 

.98 

3.44617 

.49 

3.36434 

.99 

3  .  44784 

— IS  2— 


OLD  RANGE-VERMILION  NON-BESSEMER 


Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

49.00 

$3  .  44951 

49.50 

$3.51213 

.01 

3.45076 

.51 

3.51338 

.02 

3.45201 

.52 

3.51463 

.03 

3.45326 

.53 

3.51589 

.04 

3.45452 

.54 

3.51714 

.05 

3  .  45577 

.55 

3.51839 

.06 

3.45702 

.56 

3.51964 

.07 

3.45827 

.57 

3.52090 

.08 

3.45953 

.58 

3.52215 

.09 

3.46078 

-.59 

3  .  52340 

49.10 

3  .  46203 

49.60 

3.52465 

.11 

3.46328 

.61 

3.52591 

.12 

3.46454 

.62 

3.52716 

.13 

3.46579 

.63 

3.52841 

.14 

3  .  46704 

.64 

3  .  52966 

.15 

3.46829 

.65 

3.53092 

.16 

3.46955 

.66 

3.53217 

.17 

3.47080 

.67 

3.53342 

.18 

3.47205 

.68 

3.53467 

.19 

3.47330 

.69 

3.53592 

49.20 

3.47456 

49.70 

3.53718 

.21 

3.47581 

.71 

3  .  53843 

.22 

3.47706 

.72 

3  .  53968 

.23 

3.47831 

.73 

3  .  54093 

.24 

3.47957 

.74 

3.54219 

.25 

3.48082 

.75 

3  .  54344 

.26 

3.48207 

.76 

3.54469 

.27 

3  .  48332 

.77 

3.54594 

.28 

3.48458 

.78 

3.54720 

.29 

3.48583 

.79 

3.54845 

49.30 

3.48708 

49.80 

3  .  54970 

.31 

3.48833 

.81 

3  .  55095 

.32 

3  .  48959 

.82 

3.55221 

.33 

3.49084 

.83 

3  .  55346 

.34 

3.49209 

.84 

3.55471 

.35 

3.49334 

.85 

3  .  55596 

.36 

3.49459 

.86 

3  .  55722 

.37 

3.49585 

.87 

3.55847 

.38 

3.49710 

.88 

3.55972 

.39 

3.49835 

.89 

3.56097 

49.40 

3  .  49960 

49.90 

3.56223 

.41 

3.50086 

.91 

3.56348 

.42 

3.50211 

.92 

3.56473 

.43 

3.50336 

.93 

3  .  56598 

.44 

3.50461 

.94 

3  .  56724 

.45 

3  .  50587 

.95 

3  .  56849 

.46 

3.50712 

.96 

3.56974 

.47 

3  .  50837 

.97 

3  .  57099 

.48 

3  .  50962 

.98 

3  .  57225 

.49 

3.51088 

.99 

3.57350 

—133- 


OLD  RANGE-VERMILION  NON-BESSEMER 


Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

50.00 

$3.57475 

50.50 

S3.  61650 

.01 

3.57558 

.51 

3.61733 

.02 

3  .  57642 

.52 

3.61817 

.03 

3.57725 

.53 

3.61900 

.04 

3  .  57809 

.54 

3.61984 

.05 

3.57892 

.55 

3  .  62067 

.06 

3.57976 

.56 

3.62151 

.07 

3  .  58059 

.57 

3  .  62234 

.08 

3.58143 

.58 

3.62318 

.09 

3.58226 

.59 

3.62401 

50.10 

3.58310 

50.60 

3.62485 

.11 

3  .  58393 

.61 

3  .  62568 

.12 

3.58477 

.62 

3.62652 

.13 

3.58560 

.63 

3.62735 

.14 

3  .  58644 

.64 

3.62819 

.15 

3.58727 

.65 

3  .  62902 

.16 

3.58811 

.66 

3.62986 

.17 

3.58894 

.67 

3  .  63069 

.18 

3.58978 

.68 

3.63153 

.19 

3.59061 

.69 

3.63236 

50.20 

3.59145 

50.70 

3.63320 

.21 

3  .  59228 

.71 

3  .  63403 

.22 

3.59312 

.72 

3  .  63487 

.23 

3.59395 

.73 

3.63570 

.24 

3.59479 

.74 

3.63654 

.25 

3.59562 

.75 

3.63737 

.26 

3.59646 

.76 

3.63821 

.27 

3.59729 

.77 

3.63904 

.28 

3.59813 

.78 

3  .  63988 

.29 

3  .  59896 

.79 

3.64071 

50.30 

3  .  59980 

50.80 

3.64155 

.31 

3  .  60063 

.81 

3.64238 

.32 

3.60147 

.82 

3.64322 

.33 

3  .  60230 

.83 

3.64405 

.34 

3.60314 

.84 

3  .  64489 

.35 

3  .  60397 

.85 

3.64572 

.36 

3.60481 

.86 

3.64656 

.37 

3.60564 

.87 

3.64739 

.38 

3  .  60648 

.88 

3  .  64823 

.39 

3.60731 

.89 

3  .  64906 

50.40 

3.60815 

50.90 

3  .  64990 

.41 

3  .  60898 

.91 

3.65073 

.42 

3  .  60982 

.92 

3.65157 

.43 

3.61065 

.93 

3.65240 

.44 

3.61149 

.94 

3.65324 

.45 

3.61232 

.95 

3.65407 

.46 

3.61316 

.96 

3.65491 

.47 

3.61399 

.97 

3.65574 

.48 

3.61483 

.98 

3.65658 

.49 

3.61566 

.99 

3.65741 

—134— 


OLD  RANGE-VERMILION  NON-BESSEMER 


Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

51.00 

$3.65825 

51.50 

S3.  69999 

.01 

3.65908 

.51 

3  .  70083 

.02 

3.65992 

.52 

3.70166 

.03 

3.66075 

.53 

3.70250 

.04 

3.66158 

.54 

3.70333 

.05 

3.66242 

.55 

3.70417 

.06 

3.66325 

.56 

3.70500 

.07 

3  .  66409 

.57 

3.70584 

.08 

3.66492 

.58 

3.70667 

.09 

3.66576 

.-59 

3.70751 

51.10 

3.66659 

51.60 

3.70834 

.11 

3.66743 

.61 

3.70918 

.12 

3.66826 

.62 

3.71001 

.13 

3.66910 

.63 

3.71085 

.14 

3.66993 

.64 

3.71168 

.15 

3.67077 

.65 

3.71252 

.16 

3.67160 

.66 

3.71335 

.17 

3.67244 

.67 

3.71419 

.18 

3.67327 

.68 

3.71502 

.19 

3.67411 

.69 

3.71586 

51.20 

3.67494 

51.70 

3.71669 

.21 

3.67578 

.71 

3.71753 

.22 

3.67661 

.72 

3.71836 

.23 

3.67745 

.73 

3.71920 

.24 

3.67828 

.74 

3.72003 

.25 

3.67912 

.75 

3.72087 

.26 

3.67995 

.76 

3.72170 

.27 

3  .  68079 

.77 

3.72254 

.28 

3.68162 

.78 

3.72337 

.29 

3.68246 

.79 

3.72421 

51.30 

3.68329 

51.80 

3.72504 

.31 

3.68413 

.81 

3.72588 

.32 

3.68496 

.82 

3.72671 

.33 

3.68580 

.83 

3.72755 

.34 

3.68663 

.84 

3.72838 

.35 

3.68747 

.85 

3.72922 

.36 

3.68830 

.86 

3  .  73005 

.37 

3.68914 

.87 

3.73089 

.38 

3.68997 

.88 

3.73172 

.39 

3.69081 

.89 

3.73256 

51.40 

3.69164 

51.90 

3.73339 

.41 

3.69248 

.91 

3.73423 

.42 

3.69331 

.92 

3.73506 

.43 

3.69415 

.93 

3.73590 

.44 

3  .  69498 

.94 

3.73673 

.45 

3.69582 

.95 

3.73757 

.46 

3  .  69665 

.96 

3.73840 

.47 

3.69749 

.97 

3.73924 

.48 

3.69832 

.98 

3.74007 

.49 

3.69916 

.99 

3.74091 

—135— 


OLD  RANGE-VERMILION  NON-BESSEMER 


Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

52.00 

$3.74174 

52.50 

$3  .  78349 

.01 

3.74258 

.51 

3  .  78432 

.02 

3.74341 

.52 

3.78516 

.03 

3.74425 

.53 

3.78599 

.04 

3.74508 

.54 

3  .  78683 

.05 

3.74591 

.55 

3.78766 

.06 

3.74675 

.56 

3.78850 

.07 

3.74758 

.57 

3.78933 

.08 

3.74842 

.58 

3.79017 

.09 

3.74925 

.59 

3.79100 

52.10 

3  .  75009 

52.60 

3.79184 

.11 

3  .  75092 

.61 

3.79267 

.12 

3.75176 

.62 

3.79351 

.13 

3.75259 

.63 

3.79434 

.14 

3.75343 

.64 

3.79518 

.15 

3.75426 

.65 

3.79601 

.16 

3.75510 

.66 

3  .  79685 

.17 

3.75593 

.67 

3.79768 

.18 

3.75677 

.68 

3  .  79852 

.19 

3.75760 

.69 

3.79935 

52.20 

3  .  75844 

52.70 

3.80019 

.21 

3.75927 

.71 

3.80102 

.22 

3.76011 

.72 

3.80186 

.23 

3.76094 

.73 

3.80269 

.24 

3.76178 

.74 

3  .  80353 

.25 

3.76261 

.75 

3  .  80436 

.26 

3  .  76345 

.76 

3  .  80520 

.27 

3.76428 

.77 

3  .  80603 

.28 

3.76512 

.78 

3  .  80687 

.29 

3.76595 

.79 

3.80770 

52.30 

3.76679 

52.80 

3  .  80854 

.31 

3.76762 

.81 

3  .  80937 

.32 

3  .  76846 

.82 

3.81021 

.33 

3.76929 

.83 

3.81104 

.34 

3.77013 

.84 

3.81188 

.35 

3  .  77096 

.85 

3.81271 

.36 

3.77180 

.86 

3.81355 

.37 

3.77263 

.87 

3.81438 

.38 

3  .  77347 

.88 

3.81522 

.39 

3.77430 

.89 

3.81605 

52.40 

3.77514 

52.90 

3.81689 

.41 

3.77597 

.91 

3.81772 

.42 

3.77681 

.92 

3.81856 

.43 

3.77764 

.93 

3.81939 

.44 

3.77848 

.94 

3.82023 

.45 

3.77931 

.95 

3.82106 

.46 

3.78015 

.96 

3.82190 

.47 

3.78098 

.97 

3.82273 

.48 

3.78182 

.98 

3.82357 

.49 

3.78265 

.99 

3.82440 

—136— 


OLD  RANGE-VERMILION  NON-BESSEMER 


Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

53.00 

$3.82524 

53.50 

$3.87198 

.01 

3.82617 

.51 

3  .  87292 

.02 

3.82711 

.52 

3.87385 

.03 

3  .  82804 

.53 

3.87479 

.04 

3  .  82898 

.54 

3.87572 

.05 

3.82991 

.55 

3.87666 

.06 

3.83085 

.56 

3.87759 

.07 

3.83178 

.57 

3.87853 

.08 

3.83271 

,58 

3.87946 

.09 

3.83365 

.59 

3.88040 

53.10 

3.83458 

53.60 

3.88133 

.11 

3.83552 

.61 

3  .  88227 

.12 

3  .  83645 

.62 

3  .  88320 

.13 

3.83739 

.63 

3.88414 

.14 

3.83832 

.64 

3  .  88507 

.15 

3  .  83926 

.65 

3.88601 

.16 

3.84019 

.66 

3.88694 

.17 

3.84113 

.67 

3.88788 

.18 

3.84206 

.68 

3.88881 

.19 

3.84300 

.69 

3.88975 

53.20 

3.84393 

53.70 

3.89068 

.21 

3.84487 

.71 

3.89162 

.22 

3  .  84580 

.72 

3.89255 

.23 

3.84674 

.73 

3.89349 

.24 

3.84767 

.74 

3  .  89442 

.25 

3.84861 

.75 

3.89536 

.26 

3.84954 

.76 

3.89629 

.27 

3  .  85048 

.  77 

3  .  89723 

.28 

3.85141 

.78 

3.89816 

.29 

3  .  85235 

.79 

3.89910 

53.30 

3.85328 

53.80 

3.90003 

.31 

3.85422 

.81 

3.90097 

.32 

3.85515 

.82 

3.90190 

.33 

3.85609 

.83 

3.90284 

.34 

3.85702 

.84 

3.90377 

.35 

3.85796 

.85 

3.90471 

.36 

3.85889 

.86 

3.90564 

.37 

3.85983 

.87 

3  .  90658 

.38 

3.86076 

.88 

3.90751 

.39 

3.86170 

.89 

3  .  90845 

53.40 

3  .  86263 

53.90 

3.90938 

.41 

3.86357 

.91 

3.91032 

.42 

3  .  86450 

.92 

3.91125 

.43 

3  .  86544 

.93 

3.91219 

.44 

3.86637 

.94 

3.91312 

.45 

3.86731 

.95 

3.91406 

.46 

3.86824 

.96 

3.91499 

.47 

3.86918 

.97 

3.91593 

.48 

3.87011 

.98 

3.91686 

.49 

3.87105 

.99 

3.91780 

— 137 — 


OLD  RANGE-VERMILION  NON-BESSEMER 


Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

54.00 

$3.91873 

54.50 

$3.97048 

.01 

3.91977 

.51 

3.97151 

.02 

3.92080 

.52 

3.97255 

.03 

3.92184 

.53 

3.97358 

.04 

3.92287 

.54 

3.97462 

.05 

3.92391 

.55 

3.97565 

.06 

3  .  92494 

.56 

3.97669 

.07 

3.92598 

.57 

3.97772 

.08 

3.92701 

.58 

3.97876 

.09 

3  .  92804 

.59 

3.97979 

54.10 

3.92908 

54.60 

3.98083 

.11 

3.93011 

.61 

3.98186 

.12 

3.93115 

.62 

3.98290 

.13 

3.93218 

.63 

3.98393 

.14 

3.93322 

.64 

3.98497 

.15 

3.93425 

.65 

3  .  98600 

.16 

3.93529 

.66 

3.98704 

.17 

3.93632 

.67 

3.98807 

.18 

3.93736 

.68 

3.98911 

.19 

3.93839 

.69 

3.99014 

54.20 

3.93943 

54.70 

3.99118 

.21 

3  .  94046 

.71 

3.99221 

.22 

3.94150 

.72 

3.99325 

.23 

3.94253 

.73 

3.99428 

.24 

3.94357 

.74 

3.99532 

.25 

3.94460 

.75 

3.99635 

.26 

3.94564 

.76 

3  .  99739 

.27 

3.94667 

.77 

3.99842 

.28 

3.94771 

.78 

3.99946 

.29 

3.94874 

.79 

4  .  00049 

54.30 

3.94978 

54.80 

4.00153 

.31 

3.95081 

.81 

4.00256 

.32 

3.95185 

.82 

4.00360 

.33 

3.95288 

.83 

4.00463 

.34 

3.95392 

.84 

4.00567 

.35 

3.95495 

.85 

4.00670 

.36 

3.95599 

.86 

4.00774 

.37 

3  .  95702 

.87 

4.00877 

.38 

3.95806 

.88 

4.00981 

.39 

3.95909 

.89 

4.01084 

54.40 

3.96013 

54.90 

4.01188 

.41 

3.96116 

.91 

4.01291 

.42 

3.96220 

.92 

4.01395 

.43 

3.96323 

.93 

4.01498 

.44 

3.96427 

.94 

4.01602 

.45 

3.96530 

.95 

4.01705 

.46 

3.96634 

.96 

4.01809 

.47 

3.96737 

.97 

4.01912 

.48 

3.96841 

.98 

4.02016 

.49 

3.96944 

.99 

4.02119 

—138— 


UNIVERSITY 

OF 


OLD  RANGE-VER] 


ON  NON-BESSEMER 


Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

55.00 

$4.02223 

55.50 

$4.07897 

.01 

4.02336 

.51 

4.08011 

.02 

4  .  02450 

.52 

4.08124 

.03 

4.02563 

.53 

4.08238 

.04 

4.02677 

.54 

4.08351 

.05 

4.02790 

.55 

4.08465 

.06 

4.02904 

.56 

4.08578 

.07 

4.03017 

.57 

4.08692 

.08 

4.03131 

,58 

4.08805 

.09 

4.03244 

.59 

4.08919 

55.10 

4.03358 

55.60 

4.09032 

.11 

4.03471 

.61 

4.09146 

.12 

4.03584 

.62 

4.09259 

.13 

4.03698 

.63 

4.09373 

.14 

4.03811 

.64 

4.09486 

.15 

4.03925 

.65 

4.09600 

.16 

4.04038 

.66 

4.09713 

.17 

4.04152 

.67 

4.09827 

.18 

4.04265 

.68 

4.09940 

.19 

4.04379 

.69 

4.10054 

55.20 

4.04492 

55.70 

4.10167 

.21 

4.04606 

.71 

4.10281 

.22 

4.04719 

.72 

4.10394 

.23 

4.04833 

.73 

4.10508 

.24 

4.04946 

.74 

4.10621 

.25 

4.05060 

.75 

4.10735 

.26 

4.05173 

.76 

4.10848 

.27 

4.05287 

.77 

4.10962 

.28 

4.05400 

.78 

4.11075 

.29 

4.05514 

.79 

4.11189 

55.30 

4.05627 

55.80 

4.11302 

.31 

4.05741 

.81 

4.11416 

.32 

4.05854 

.82 

4.11529 

.33 

4.05968 

.83 

4.11643 

.34 

4.06081 

.84 

4.11756 

.35 

4.06195 

.85 

4.11870 

.36 

4.06308 

.86 

4.11983 

.37 

4.06422 

.87 

4.12097 

.38 

4.06535 

.88 

4.12210 

.39 

4.06649 

.89 

4.12324 

55.40 

4.06762 

55.90 

4.12437 

.41 

4.06876 

.91 

4.12551 

.42 

4.06989 

.92 

4.12664 

.43 

4.07103 

.93 

4.12778 

.44 

4.07216 

.94 

4.12891 

.45 

4.07330 

.95 

4.13005 

.46 

4.07443 

.96 

4.13118 

.47 

4.07557 

.97 

4.13232 

.48 

4.07670 

.98 

4.13345 

.49 

4.07784 

.99 

4.13459 

—139— 


OLD  RANGE-VERMILION  NON-BESSEMER 


Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

56.00 

$4.13572 

56.50 

$4.19747 

.01 

4.13696 

.51 

4.19870 

.02 

4.13819 

.52 

4.19994 

.03 

4.13943 

.53 

4.20117 

.04 

4.14066 

.54 

4.20241 

.05 

4.14190 

.55 

4  .  20364 

.06 

4.14313 

.56 

4  .  20488 

.07 

4.14437 

.57 

4.20611 

.08 

4.14560 

.58 

4.20735 

.09 

4.14684 

.59 

4  .  20858 

56.10 

4.14807 

56  .  60 

4  .  20982 

.11 

4.14931 

.61 

4.21105 

.12 

4.15054 

.62 

4.21229 

.13 

4.15177 

.63 

4.21352 

.14 

4.15301 

.64 

4.21476 

.15 

4.15424 

.65 

4.21599 

.16 

4.15548 

.66 

4.21723 

.17 

4.15671 

.07 

4.21846 

.18 

4.15795 

.68 

4.21970 

.19 

4.15918 

.69 

4  .  22093 

56.20 

4.16042 

56.70 

4.22217 

.21 

4.16165 

.71 

4  .  22340 

.22 

4.16289 

.72 

4  .  22464 

.23 

4.16412 

.73 

4.22587 

.24 

4.16536 

.74 

4.22711 

.25 

4.16659 

.75 

4.22834 

.26 

4.16783 

.76 

4.22958 

.27 

4.16906 

.77 

4.23081 

.28 

4.17030 

.78 

4.23205 

.29 

4.17153 

.79 

4  .  23328 

56.30 

4.17277 

56.80 

4.23452 

.31 

4.17400 

.81 

4.23575 

.32 

4.17524 

.82 

4.23699 

.33 

4.17647 

.83 

4.23822 

.34 

4.17771 

.84 

4.23946 

.35 

4.17894 

.85 

4  .  24069 

.36 

4.1S018 

.86 

4.24193 

.37 

4.18141 

.87 

4.24316 

.38 

4.18265 

.88 

4.24440 

.39 

4.18388 

.89 

4.24563 

56.40 

4.18512 

56.90 

4.24687 

.41 

4.18635 

.91 

4.24810 

.42 

4.18759 

.92 

4.24934 

.43 

4.18882 

.93 

4  .  25057 

.44 

4.19006 

.94 

4.25181 

.45 

4.19129 

.95 

4.25304 

.46 

4.19253 

.96 

4.25428 

.47 

4.19376 

.97 

4.25551 

.48 

4.19500 

.98 

4.25675 

.49 

4.19623 

.99 

4.25798 

—140— 


OLD  RANGE-VERMILION  NON-BESSEMER 


Per  Cent 

Lake  Erie  Price 

Per  Cent 

Lake  Erie  Price 

Natural  Iron 

Natural  Iron 

57.00 

$4.25922 

57.50 

$4.32596 

.01 

4.26055 

.51 

4.32730 

.02 

4.26189 

.52 

4.32863 

.03 

4.26322 

.53 

4.32997 

.04 

4  .  26456 

.54 

4.33130 

.05 

4.26589 

.55 

4.33264 

.06 

4.26723 

.56 

4.33397 

.07 

4.26856 

.57 

4.33531 

.08 

4.26990 

.  .58 

4.33664 

.09 

4.27123 

.59 

4.33798 

57.10 

4.27257 

57.60 

4.33931 

.11 

4.27390 

.61 

4  .  34065 

.12 

4  .  27524 

.62 

4.34198 

.13 

4.27657 

.63 

4.34332 

.14 

4.27791 

.64 

4.34465 

.15 

4.27924 

.65 

4.34599 

.16 

4.28057 

.66 

4.34732 

.17 

4.28191 

.67 

4.34866 

.18 

4.28324 

.68 

4.34999 

.19 

4  .  28458 

.69 

4.35133 

57.20 

4.28591 

57  .  70 

4  .  35266 

.21 

4.28725 

.71 

4.35400 

.22 

4.28858 

.72 

4.35533 

.23 

4.28992 

.73 

4.35667 

.24 

4.29125 

.74 

4  .  35800 

.25 

4.29259 

.75 

4  .  35934 

.26 

4.29392 

.76 

4.36067 

.27 

4.29526 

.77 

4.36201 

.28 

4.29659 

.78 

4.36334 

.29 

4.29793 

.79 

4.36468 

57.30 

4.29926 

57.80 

4.36601 

.31 

4  .  30060 

.81 

4.36735 

.32 

4.30193 

.82 

4  .  36868 

.33 

4.30327 

.83 

4  .  37002 

.34 

4.30460 

.84 

4.37135 

.35 

4.30594 

.85 

4.37269 

.36 

4.30727 

.86 

4.37402 

.37 

4.30861 

.87 

4.37536 

.38 

4.30994 

.88 

4.37669 

.39 

4.31128 

.89 

4.37803 

57.40 

4.31261 

57.90 

4.37936 

.41 

4.31395 

.91 

4.38070 

.42 

4.31528 

.92 

4.38203 

.43 

4.31662 

.93 

4.38337 

.44 

4.31795 

.94 

4.38470 

.45 

4.31929 

.95 

4.38604 

.46 

4.32062 

.96 

4.38737 

.47 

4.32196 

.97 

4.38871 

.48 

4.32329 

.98 

4.39004 

.49 

4.32463 

.99 

4.39138 

—141— 


OLD  RANGE-VERMILION  NON-BESSEMER 


Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

58.00 

$4.39271 

58.50 

$4  .  43446 

.01 

4.39355 

.51 

4.43529 

.02 

4.39438 

.52 

4.43613 

.03 

4.39522 

.53 

4.43696 

.04 

4.39605 

.54 

4  .  43780 

.05 

4.39689 

.55 

4.43863 

.06 

4.39772 

.56 

4.43947 

.07 

4.39856 

.57 

4.44030 

.08 

4.39939 

.57 

4.44114 

.09 

4.40023 

.59 

4.44197 

58.10 

4.40106 

58.60 

4.44281 

.11 

4.40190 

.61 

4.44364 

.12 

4.40273 

.62 

4.44448 

.13 

4.40357 

.63 

4.44531 

.14 

4  .  40440 

.64 

4.44615 

.15 

4.40524 

.65 

4.44698 

.16 

4.40607 

.66 

4.44782 

.17 

4.40690 

.67 

4.44865 

.18 

4.40774 

.68 

4.44949 

.19 

4.40857 

.69 

4.45032 

58.20 

4.40941 

58.70 

4.45116 

.21 

4.41024 

.71 

4.45199 

.22 

4.41108 

.72 

4  .  45283 

.23 

4.41191 

.73 

4.45366 

.24 

4.41275 

.74 

4.45450 

.25 

4.41358 

.75 

4.45533 

.26 

4.41442 

.76 

4.45617 

.27 

4.41525 

.77 

4.45700 

.28 

4.41609 

.78 

4.45784 

.29 

4.41692 

.79 

4.45867 

58.30 

4.41776 

58.80 

4.45951 

.31 

4.41859 

.81 

4.46034 

.32 

4.41943 

.82 

4.46118 

.33 

4.42026 

.83 

4.46201 

.34 

4.42110 

.84 

4.46285 

.35 

4.42193 

.85 

4.46368 

.36 

4.42277 

.86 

4.46452 

.37 

4.42360 

.87 

4.46535 

.38 

4  .  42444 

.88 

4.46619 

.39 

4.42527 

.89 

4.46702 

58.40 

4.42611 

58.90 

4.46786 

.41 

4.42694 

.91 

4.46869 

.42 

4.42778 

.92 

4.46953 

.43 

4.42861 

.93 

4.47036 

.44 

4.42945 

.94 

4.47120 

.45 

4.43028 

.95 

4.47203 

.46 

4.43112 

.96 

4.47287 

.47 

4.43195 

.97 

4.47370 

.48 

4.43279 

.98 

4.47454 

.49 

4.43362 

.99 

4.47537 

—142— 


OLD  RANGE-VERMILION  NON-BESSEMER 


Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

59.00 

$4.47621 

59.50 

$4.51795 

.01 

4.47704 

.51 

4.51879 

.02 

4.47788 

.52 

4.51962 

.03 

4.47871 

.53 

4.52046 

.04 

4.47955 

.54 

4.52129 

.05 

4.48038 

.55 

4.52213 

.06 

4.48122 

.56 

4.52296 

.07 

4.48205 

.57 

4.52380 

.08 

4  .  48289 

.58 

4.52463 

.09 

4.48372 

.59 

4.52547 

59.10 

4.48456 

59.60 

4.52630 

.11 

4.48539 

.61 

4.52714 

.12 

4.48623 

.62 

4.52797 

.13 

4.48706 

.63 

4.52881 

.14 

4.48790 

.64 

4.52964 

.15 

4.48873 

.65 

4.53048 

.16 

4.48957 

.66 

4.53131 

.17 

4.49040 

.67 

4.53215 

.18 

4.49124 

.68 

4.53298 

.19 

4.49207 

.69 

4.53382 

59.20 

4.49290 

59.70 

4.53465 

.21 

4.49374 

.71 

4.53549 

.22 

4.49457 

.72 

4.53632 

.23 

4.49541 

.73 

4.53716 

.24 

4.49624 

.74 

4.53799 

.25 

4.49708 

.75 

4.53883 

.26 

4.49791 

.76 

4  .  53966 

.27 

4.49875 

.77 

4.54050 

.28 

4.49958 

.78 

4.54133 

.29 

4  .  50042 

.79 

4.54217 

59.30 

4.50125 

59.80 

4.54300 

.31 

4.50209 

.81 

4.54384 

.32 

4.50292 

.82 

4.54467 

.33 

4.50376 

.83 

4.54551 

.34 

4.50459 

.84 

4  .  54634 

.35 

4.50543 

.85 

4.54718 

.36 

4.50626 

.86 

4.54801 

.37 

4.50710 

.87 

4.54885 

.38 

4.50793 

.88 

4.54968 

.39 

4.50877 

.89 

4.55052 

59.40 

4.50960 

59.90 

4.55135 

.41 

4.51044 

.91 

4.55219 

.42 

4.51127 

.92 

4  .  55302 

.43 

4.51211 

.93 

4.55386 

.44 

4.51294 

.94 

4  .  55469 

.45 

4.51378 

.95 

4  .  55553 

.46 

4.51461 

.96 

4.55636 

.47 

4.51545 

.97 

4.55720 

.48 

4.51628 

.98 

4  .  55803 

.49 

4.51712 

.99 

4  .  55887 

—143— 


OLD  RANGE-VERMILION  NON-BESSEMER 


Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

60.00 

$4.55970 

60.50 

$4.60145 

.01 

4.56054 

.51 

4  .  60228 

.02 

4.56137 

.52 

4.60312 

.03 

4.56221 

.53 

4  .  60395 

.04 

4.56304 

.54 

4  .  60479 

.05 

4.56388 

.55 

4  .  60562 

.06 

4.56471 

.56 

4  .  60646 

.07 

4.56555 

.57 

4.60729 

.08 

4.56638 

.58 

4.60813 

.09 

4.56722 

.59 

4.60896 

60.10 

4.56805 

60.60 

4  .  60980 

.11 

4  .  56889 

.61 

4.61063 

.12 

4.56972 

.62 

4.61147 

.13 

4.57056 

.63 

4.61230 

.14 

4.57139 

.64 

4.61314 

.15 

4.57223 

.65 

4.61397 

.16 

4.57306 

.66 

4.61481 

.17 

4.57390 

.67 

4.61564 

.18 

4.57473 

.68 

4.61648 

.19 

4.57557 

.69 

4.61731 

60.20 

4.57640 

60.70 

4.61815 

.21 

4.57723 

.71 

4.61898 

.22 

4  .  57807 

.72 

4.61982 

.23 

4.57890 

.73 

4.62065 

.24 

4.57974 

.74 

4.62149 

.25 

4.58057 

.75 

4  .  62232 

.26 

4.58141 

.76 

4.62316 

.27 

4.58224 

.77 

4  .  62399 

.28 

4  .  58308 

.78 

4.62483 

.29 

4.58391 

.79 

4.62566 

60.30 

4.58475 

60.80 

4.62650 

.31 

4.58558 

.81 

4.62733 

.32 

4.58642 

.82 

4.62817 

.33 

4.58725 

.83 

4  .  62900 

.34 

4.58809 

.84 

4.62984 

.35 

4.58892 

.85 

4.63067 

.36 

4.58976 

.86 

4.63151 

.37 

4  .  59059 

.87 

4.63234 

.38 

4.59143 

.88 

4.63318 

.39 

4.59226 

.89 

4.63401 

60.40 

4.59310 

60.90 

4  .  63485 

.41 

4.59393 

.91 

4  .  63568 

.42 

4.59477 

.92 

4  .  63652 

.43 

4  .  59560 

.93 

4.63735 

.44 

4  .  59644 

.94 

4.63819 

.45 

4.59727 

.95 

4.63902 

.46 

4.59811 

.96 

4  .  63986 

.47 

4.59894 

.97 

4  .  64069 

.48 

4.59978 

.98 

4.64153 

.49 

4.60061 

.99 

4.64236 

—144— 


MESABA  NON-BESSEMER 

NATURAL  IRON  ORE 

LAKE  ERIE  PRICES 


1911 


16  TABLES 

45  PER  CENT  TO  60  PER  CENT 
INCLUSIVE 


COMPILED    BY 

RUKARD    HURD 


MESABA  NON-BESSEMER 


Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

45.00 

$2  .  62426 

45.50 

$2.70388 

.01 

2.62586 

.51 

2.70547 

.02 

2.62745 

.52 

2  .  70706 

.03 

2.62904 

.53 

2.70865 

.04 

2.63063 

.54 

2.71025 

.05 

2.63223 

.55 

2.71184 

.06 

2.63382 

.56 

2.71343 

.07 

2.63541 

.57 

2.71502 

.08 

2.36700 

.58 

2.71661 

.09 

2.36859 

.59 

2.71821 

45.10 

2.64019 

45.60 

2.71980 

.11 

2.64178 

.61 

2.72139 

.12 

2.64337 

.62 

2.72298 

.13 

2.64496 

.63 

2.72458 

.14 

2  .  64656 

.64 

2.72617 

.15 

2.64815 

.65 

2.72776 

.16 

2.64974 

.66 

2.72935 

.17 

2.65133 

.67 

2.73094 

.18 

2  .  65292 

.68 

2.73254 

.19 

2.65452 

.69 

2.73413 

45.20 

2.65611 

45.70 

2.73572 

.21 

2.65770 

.71 

2.73731 

.22 

2.65929 

.72 

2.73891 

.23 

2.66089 

.73 

2.74050 

.24 

2.66248 

.74 

2.74209 

.25 

2.66407 

.75 

2.74368 

.26 

2.66566 

.76 

2.74527 

.27 

2.66726 

.77 

2.74687 

.28 

2.66885 

.78 

2.74846 

.29 

2.67044 

.79 

2  .  75005 

45.30 

2  .  67203 

45.80 

2.75164 

.31 

2  .  67362 

.81 

2  .  75324 

.32 

2.67522 

.82 

2.75483 

.33 

2.67681 

.83 

2.75642 

.34 

2.67840 

.84 

2.75801 

.35 

2.67999 

.85 

2.75960 

.36 

2.68159 

.86 

2.76120 

.37 

2.68318 

.87 

2.76279 

.38 

2.68477 

.88 

2.76438 

.39 

2.68636 

.89 

2.76597 

45.40 

2.68795 

45.90 

2.76757 

.41 

2.68955 

.91 

2.76916 

.42 

2.69114 

.92 

2.77075 

.43 

2.69273 

.93 

2.77234 

.44 

2.69432 

.94 

2  .  77393 

.45 

2.69592 

.95 

2.77553 

.46 

2.69751 

.96 

2.77712 

.47 

2.69910 

.97 

2.77871 

.48 

2.70069 

.98 

2.78030 

.49 

2.70228 

.99 

2.78190 

-147— 


MESABA  NON-BESSEMER 


Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

46.00 

$2.78349 

46.50 

$2.  86310 

.01 

2.78508 

.51 

2  .  86469 

.02 

2.78667 

.52 

2.86628 

.03 

2.78826 

.53 

2.86788 

.04 

2.78986 

.54 

2  .  86947 

.05 

2.79145 

.55 

2.87106 

.06 

2  .  79304 

.56 

2.87265 

.07 

2.79463 

.57 

2.87425 

.08 

2  .  79623 

.58 

2.87584 

.09 

2.79782 

.59 

2.87743 

46.10 

2.79941 

46  .  60 

2  .  87902 

.11 

2.80100 

.61 

2.88061 

.12 

2  .  80259 

.62 

2.88221 

.13 

2.80419 

.63 

2.88380 

.14 

2.80578 

.64 

2.88539 

.15 

2.80737 

.65 

2.88698 

.16 

2  .  80896 

.66 

2.88858 

.17 

2.81056 

.67 

2.89017 

.18 

2.81215 

.68 

2.89176 

.19 

2.81374 

.69 

2.89335 

46.20 

2.81533 

46.70 

2  .  89494 

.21 

2.81692 

.71 

2  .  89654 

.22 

2.81852 

.72 

2.89813 

.23 

2.82011 

.73 

2.89972 

.24 

2.82170 

.74 

2.90131 

.25 

2.82329 

.75 

2.90291 

.26 

2.82489 

.76 

2.90450 

.27 

2  .  82648 

.77 

2  .  90609 

.28 

2  .  82807 

.78 

2.90768 

.29 

2.82966 

.79 

2.90927 

46.30 

2.83125 

46.80 

2.91087 

.31 

2.83285 

.81 

2.91246 

.32 

2  .  83444 

.82 

2.91405 

.33 

2  .  83603 

.83 

2.91564 

.34 

2.83762 

.84 

2.91724 

.35 

2.83922 

.85 

2.91883 

.36 

2.84081 

.86 

2.92042 

.37 

2.84240 

.87 

2.92201 

.38 

2.84399 

.88 

2  .  92360 

.39 

2.84559 

.89 

2.92520 

46.40 

2.84718 

46.90 

2.92679 

.41 

2.84877 

.91 

2.92838 

.42 

2.85036 

.92 

2.92997 

.43 

2.85195 

.93 

2.93157 

.44 

2.85355 

.94 

2.93316 

.45 

2.85514 

.95 

2.93475 

.46 

2.85673 

.96 

2.93634 

.47 

2.85832 

.97 

2  .  93793 

.48 

2.85992 

.98 

2  .  93953 

.49 

2.86151 

.99 

2.94112 

—148— 


MESABA  NON-BESSEMER 


Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

47.00 

$2.94271 

47.50 

$3  .  02232 

.01 

2.94430 

.51 

3.02392 

.02 

2  .  94590 

.52 

3.02551 

.03 

2.94749 

.53 

3.02710 

.04 

2.94908 

.54 

3.02869 

.05 

2.95067 

.55 

3.03028 

.06 

2.95226 

.56 

3.03188 

.07 

2.95386 

.57 

3.03347 

.08 

2.95545 

.58 

3.03506 

.09 

2.95704 

.59 

3.03665 

47.10 

2  .  95863 

47.60 

3.03825 

.11 

2  .  96023 

.61 

3.03984 

.12 

2.96182 

.62 

3.04143 

.13 

2.96341 

.63 

3  .  04302 

.14 

2  .  96500 

.64 

3.04461 

.15 

2.96659 

.65 

3.04621 

.16 

2.96819 

.66 

3.04780 

.17 

2.96978 

.67 

3.04939 

.18 

2.97137 

.68 

3.05098 

.19 

2.97296 

.69 

3.05258 

47.20 

2.97456 

47  .  70 

3.05417 

.21 

2.97615 

.71 

3.05576 

.22 

2.97774 

.72 

3.05735 

.23 

2.97933 

.73 

3.05894 

.24 

2.98092 

.74 

3.06054 

.25 

2.98252 

.75 

3.06213 

.26 

2.98411 

.76 

3.06372 

.27 

2.98570 

.77 

3.06531 

.28 

2.98729 

.78 

3.06691 

.29 

2  .  98889 

.79 

3.06850 

47.30 

2.99048 

47.80 

3.07009 

.31 

2.99207 

.81 

3.07168 

.32 

2  .  99366 

.82 

3.07327 

.33 

2.99525 

.83 

3.07487 

.34 

2.99685 

.84 

3.07646 

.35 

2.99844 

.85 

3.07805 

.36 

3.00003 

.86 

3.07964 

.37 

3.00162 

.87 

3.08124 

.38 

3.00322 

.88 

3.08283 

.39 

3.00481 

.89 

3.08442 

47.40 

3.00640 

47.90 

3.08601 

.41 

3.00799 

.91 

3.  087  60 

.42 

3.00958 

.92 

3.08920 

.43 

3.01118 

.93 

3.09079 

.44 

3.01277 

.94 

3.09238 

.45 

3.01436 

.95 

3.09397 

.46 

3.01595 

.96 

3'.  09557 

.47 

3.01755 

.97 

3.09716 

.48 

3.01914 

.98 

3  .  09875 

.49 

3.02073 

.99 

3  .  10034 

—149— 


MESABA  NON-BESSEMER 


Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

48.00 

$3.10193 

48.50 

$3.18155 

.01 

3.10353 

.51 

3.18314 

.02 

3.10512 

.52 

3.18473 

.03 

3.10671 

.53 

3.18632 

.04 

3.10830 

.54 

3.18791 

.05 

3  .  10990 

.55 

3.18951 

.06 

3.11149 

.56 

3.19110 

.07 

3.11308 

.57 

3.19269 

.08 

3.11467 

.58 

3.19428 

.09 

3.11626 

.59 

3.19588 

48.10 

3.11786 

48.60 

3.19747 

.11 

3.11945 

.61 

3.19906 

.12 

3.12104 

.62 

3.20065 

.13 

3.12263 

.63 

3  .  20225 

.14 

3.12423 

.64 

3.20384 

.15 

3.12582 

.65 

3.20543 

.16 

3.12741 

.66 

3.20702 

.17 

3.12900 

.67 

3.20861 

.18 

3.13059 

.68 

3.21021 

.19 

3.13219 

.69 

3.21180 

48.20 

3.13378 

48.70 

3.21339 

.21 

3.13537 

.71 

3.21498 

.22 

3.13696 

.72 

3.21658 

.23 

3.13856 

.73 

3.21817 

.24 

3.14015 

.74 

3.21976 

.25 

3.14174 

.75 

3.22135 

.26 

3.14333 

.76 

3.22294 

.27 

3.14492 

.77 

3  .  22454 

.28 

3.14652 

.78 

3.22613 

.29 

3.14811 

.79 

3.22772 

48.30 

3.14970 

48.80 

3.22931 

.31 

3.15129 

.81 

3.23091 

.32 

3.15289 

.82 

3.23250 

.33 

3.15448 

.83 

3  .  23409 

.34 

3.15607 

.84 

3  .  23568 

.35 

3.15766 

.85 

3.23727 

.36 

3.15925 

.86 

3.23887 

.37 

3.16085 

.87 

3  .  24046 

.38 

3.16244 

.88 

3.24205 

.39 

3.16403 

.89 

3.24364 

48.40 

3.16562 

48.90 

3.24524 

.41 

3.16722 

.91 

3.24683 

.42 

3.16881 

.92 

3.24842 

.43 

3.17040 

.93 

3.25001 

.44 

3.17199 

.94 

3.25160 

.45 

3.17358 

.95 

3.25320 

.46  ' 

3.17518 

.96 

3.25479 

.47 

3.17677 

.97 

3.25638 

.48 

3.17836 

.98 

3.25797 

.49 

3.17995 

.99 

3  .  25957 

-150— 


MESABA  NON-BESSEMER 


Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

49.00 

S3.  26116 

49.50 

S3.  32087 

.01 

3.26235 

.51 

3.32206 

.02 

3.26355 

.52 

3.32325 

.03 

3.26474 

.53 

3.32445 

.04 

3  .  26593 

.54 

3.32564 

.05 

3.26713 

.55 

3.32684 

.06 

3.26832 

.56 

3.32803 

.07 

3.26952 

.57 

3  .  32923 

.08 

3.27071 

.58 

3.33042 

.09 

3.27191 

.59 

3.33161 

49.10 

3.27310 

49.60 

3.33281 

.11 

3.27429 

.61 

3  .  33400 

.12 

3.27549 

.62 

3.33520 

.13 

3.27668 

.63 

3.33639 

.14 

3.27788 

.64 

3.33758 

.15 

3.27907 

.65 

3.33878 

.16 

3.28026 

.66 

3.33997 

.17 

3.28146 

.67 

3.34117 

.18 

3.28265 

.68 

3.34236 

.19 

3.28385 

.69 

3.34356 

49.20 

3.28504 

49.70 

3.34475 

.21 

3.28624 

.71 

3.34594 

.22 

3.28743 

.72 

3.34714 

.23 

3.28862 

.73 

3.34833 

.24 

3.28982 

.74 

3.34953 

.25 

3.29101 

.75 

3.35072 

.26 

3.29221 

.76 

3.35191 

.27 

3.29340 

.77 

3.35311 

.28 

3.29459 

.78 

3  .  35430 

.29 

3.29579 

.79 

3.35550 

49.30 

3.29698 

49.80 

3.35669 

.31 

3.29818 

.81 

3.35789 

.32 

3.29937 

.82 

3.35908 

.33 

3.30057 

.83 

3.36027 

.34 

3.30176 

.84 

3.36147 

.35 

3.30295 

.85 

3.36266 

.36 

3.30415 

.86 

3.36386 

.37 

3  .  30534 

.87 

3  .  36505 

.38 

3  .  30654 

.88 

3.36624 

.39 

3.30773 

.89 

3.36744 

49.40 

3.30892 

49.90 

3.36863 

.41 

3.31012 

.91 

3  .  36983 

.42 

3.31131 

.92 

3.37102 

.43 

3.31251 

.93 

3.37222 

.44 

3.31370 

.94 

3.37341 

.45 

3.31490 

.95 

3.37460 

.46 

3.31609 

.96 

3.37580 

.47 

3.31728 

.97 

3.37699 

.48 

3.31848 

.98 

3.37819 

.49 

3.31967 

.99 

3.37938 

-151— 


MESABA  NON-BESSEMER 


Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

50.00 

$3.38058 

50.50 

$3.42038 

.01 

3.38137 

.51 

3.42118 

.02 

3.38217 

.52 

3.42197 

.03 

3.38296 

.53 

3  .  42277 

.04 

3.38376 

.54 

3.42357 

.05 

3.38456 

.55 

3.42436 

.06 

3.38535 

.56 

3.42516 

.07 

3.38615 

.57 

3.42595 

.08 

3  .  38694 

.58 

3.42675 

.09 

3.38774 

.59 

3.42755 

50.10 

3.38854 

50.60 

3.42834 

.11 

3  .  38933 

.61 

3.42914 

.12 

3.39013 

.62 

3  .  42993 

.13 

3.39092 

.63 

3  .  43073 

.14 

3.39172 

.64 

3.43153 

.15 

3.39252 

.65 

3.43232 

.16 

3.39331 

.66 

3.43312 

.17 

3.39411 

.67 

3.43391 

.18 

3.39491 

.68 

3.43471 

.19 

3.39570 

.69 

3.43551 

50.20 

3.39650 

50.70 

3.  43630  * 

.21 

3.39729 

.71 

3.43710 

.22 

3  .  39809 

.72 

3.43790 

.23 

3  .  39889 

.73 

3.43869 

.24 

3.39968 

.74 

3.43949 

.25 

3.40048 

.75 

3.44028 

.26 

3.40127 

.76 

3.44108 

.27 

3  .  40207 

.77 

3.44188 

.28 

3.40287 

.78 

3.44267 

.29 

3.40366 

.79 

3.44347 

50.30 

3.40446 

50.80 

3.44426 

.31 

3.40525 

.81 

3.44506 

.32 

3.40605 

.82 

3.44586 

.33 

3.40685 

.83 

3.44665 

.34 

3.40764 

.84 

3.44745 

.35 

3  .  40844 

.85 

3.44824 

.36 

3.40924 

.86 

3.44904 

.37 

3.41003 

.87 

3.44984 

.38 

3.41083 

.88 

3  .  45063 

.39 

3.41162 

.89 

3.45143 

50.40 

3.41242 

50.90 

3  .  45223 

.41 

3.41322 

.91 

3.45302 

.42 

3.41401 

.92 

3.45382 

.43 

3.41481 

.93 

3.45461 

.44 

3.41560 

.94 

3.45541 

.45 

3.41640 

.95 

3.45621 

.46 

3.41720 

.96 

3.45700 

.47 

3.41799 

.97 

3.45780 

.48 

3.41879 

.98 

3  .  45859 

.49 

3.41958 

.99 

3.45939 

-152— 


MESABA  NON-BESSEMER 


Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

51.00 

$3.46019 

51.50 

$3.49999 

.01 

3  .  46098 

.51 

3  .  50079 

.02 

3.46178 

.52 

3.50158 

.03 

3  .  46257 

.53 

3  .  50238 

.04 

3  .  46337 

.54 

3.50318 

.05 

3.46417 

.55 

3  .  50397 

.06 

3.46496 

.56 

3.50477 

.07 

3.46576 

.57 

3.50557 

.08 

3.46656 

.58 

3  .  50636 

.09 

3.46735 

.59 

3.50716 

51.10 

3.46815 

51.60 

3.50795 

.11 

3.46894 

.61 

3  .  50875 

.12 

3.46974 

.62 

3  .  50955 

.13 

3  .  47054 

.63 

3.51034 

.14 

3.47133 

.64 

3.51114 

.15 

3.47213 

.()--> 

3.51193 

.16 

3.47292 

.66 

3.51273 

.17 

3.47372 

.67 

3.51353 

.18 

3.47452 

.68 

3.51432 

.19 

3.47531 

.69 

3.51512 

51  .  20 

3.47611 

51.70 

3.51591 

.21 

3.47691 

.71 

3.51671 

.22 

3.47770 

.72 

3.51751 

.23 

3  .  47850 

.73 

3.51830 

.24 

3.47929 

.74 

3.51910 

.25 

3.48009 

.75 

3.51990 

.26 

3.48089 

.76 

3.52069 

.27 

3.48168 

.77 

3.52149 

.28 

3  .  48248 

.78 

3.52228 

.29 

3.48327 

.79 

3  .  52308 

51  .  30 

3  .  48407 

51.80 

3  .  52388 

.31 

3.48487 

.81 

3.52467 

.32 

3.48566 

.82 

3.52547 

.33 

3.48646 

.83 

3  .  52626 

.34 

3.48725 

.84 

3.52706 

.35 

3.48805 

.85 

3  .  52786 

.36 

3.48885 

.86 

3.52865 

.37 

3.48964 

.87 

3.52945 

.38 

3.49044 

.88 

3.53024 

.39 

3.49124 

.89 

3.53104 

51.40 

3  .  49203 

51.90 

3.53184 

.41 

3.49283 

.91 

3  .  53263 

.42 

3  .  49362 

.92 

3.53343 

.43 

3.49442 

.93 

3.53423 

.44 

3  .  49522 

.94 

3  .  53502 

.45 

3.49601 

.95 

3.53582 

.46 

3.49681 

.96 

3  .  53661 

.47 

3.49760 

.97 

3.53741 

.48 

3  .  49840 

.98 

3.53821 

.49 

3.49920 

.99 

3.53900 

—153— 


MESABA  NON-BESSEMER 


Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

52.00 

$3.53980 

52.50 

$3.57960 

.01 

3  .  54059 

.51 

3  .  58040 

.02 

3.54139 

.52 

3.58120 

.03 

3.54219 

.53 

3.58199 

.04 

3  .  54298 

.54 

3.58279 

.05 

3.54378 

.55 

3  .  58358 

.06 

3  .  54457 

.56 

3.58438 

.07 

3.54537 

.57 

3.58518 

.08 

3.54617 

.58 

3  .  58597 

.09 

3.54696 

.59 

3  .  58677 

52.10 

3.54776 

52.60 

3  .  58757 

.11 

3.54856 

.61 

3  .  58836 

.12 

3  .  54935 

.62 

3.58916 

.13 

3.55015 

.63 

3  .  58995 

.14 

3  .  55094 

.64 

3  .  59075 

.15 

3.55174 

.65 

3.59155 

.16 

3  .  55254 

.66 

3.59234 

.17 

3.55333 

.67 

3.59314 

.18 

3.55413 

.68 

3.59393 

.19 

3  .  55492 

.69 

3.59473 

52.20 

3.55572 

52.70 

3.59553 

.21 

3  .  55652 

.71 

3  .  59632 

.22 

3.55731 

.72 

3.59712 

.23 

3.55811 

.73 

3.59791 

.24 

3  .  55890 

.74 

3.59871 

.25 

3.55970 

.75 

3.59951 

.26 

3  .  56050 

.76 

3.60030 

.27 

3.56129 

.77 

3.60110 

.28 

3  .  56209 

.78 

3.60190 

.29 

3  .  56289 

.79 

3.60269 

52.30 

3.56368 

52.80 

3.60349 

.31 

3  .  56448 

.81 

3.60428 

.32 

3.56527 

.82 

3.60508 

.33 

3  .  56607 

.83 

3.60588 

.34 

3  .  56687 

.84 

3.60667 

.35 

3.56766 

.85 

3.60747 

.36 

3.56846 

.86 

3.60826 

.37 

3  .  56925 

.87 

3.60906 

.38 

3  .  57005 

.88 

3.60986 

.39 

3.57085 

.89 

3.61065 

52.40 

3.57164 

52.90 

3.61145 

.41 

3  .  57244 

.91 

3.61224 

.42 

3.57324 

.92 

3.61304 

.43 

3  .  57403 

.93 

3.61384 

.44 

3  .  57483 

.94 

3.61463 

.45 

3.57562 

.95 

3.61543 

.46 

3.57642 

.96 

3.61623 

.47 

3.57722 

.97 

3.61702 

.48 

3.57801 

.98 

3.61782 

.49 

3.57881 

.99 

3.61861 

-154— 


MESABA  NON-BESSEMER 


Per  Cent 

Lake  Erie  Price 

Per  Cent 

Lake  Erie  Price 

Natural  Iron 

Natural  Iron 

53.00 

$3.61941 

53.50 

$3  .  66422 

.01 

3.62031 

.51 

3.66511 

.02 

3.62120 

.52 

3.66601 

.03 

3.62210 

.53 

3.66690 

.04 

3.62299 

.54 

3.66780 

.05 

3.62389 

.55 

3.66870 

.06 

3.62479 

.56 

3  .  66959 

.07 

3.62568 

.57 

3.67049 

.08 

3.62658 

.58 

3.67138 

.09 

3  .  62747 

.59 

3.67228 

53.10 

3.62837 

53.60 

3.67318 

.11 

3.62927 

.61 

3.67407 

.12 

3.63016 

.62 

3.67497 

.13 

3.63106 

.63 

3.67587 

.14 

3.63196 

.64 

3.67676 

.15 

3.63285 

.65 

3  .  67766 

.16 

3.63375 

.66 

3.67855 

.17 

3  .  63464 

.67 

3.67945 

.18 

3.63554 

.68 

3  .  68035 

.19 

3  .  63644 

.69 

3.68124 

53.20 

3.63733 

53.70 

3.68214 

.21 

3.63823 

.71 

3.68303 

.22 

3.63912 

.72 

3.68393 

.23 

3  .  64002 

.73 

3.68483 

.24 

3  .  64092 

.74 

3.68572 

.25 

3.64181 

.75 

3.68662 

.26 

3.64271 

.76 

3.68751 

.27 

3.64360 

.77 

3  .  68841 

.28 

3  .  64450 

.78 

3.68931 

.29 

3  .  64540 

.79 

3  .  69020 

53.30 

3.64629 

53.80 

3.69110 

.31 

3.64719 

.81 

3.69200 

.32 

3.64809 

.82 

3.69289 

.33 

3.64898 

.83 

3.69379 

.34 

3.64988 

.84 

3.69468 

.35 

3.65077 

.85 

3.69558 

.36 

3.65167 

.86 

3  .  69648 

.37 

3.65257 

.87 

3.69737 

.38 

3.65346 

.88 

3  .  69827 

.39 

3.65436 

.89 

3.69916 

53.40 

3.65525 

53.90 

3.70006 

.41 

3.65615 

.91 

3.70096 

.42 

3.65705 

.92 

3.70185 

.43 

3  .  65794 

.93 

3.70275 

.44 

3  .  65884 

.94 

3  .  70364 

.45 

3.65974 

.95 

3  .  70454 

.46 

3.66063 

.96 

3  .  70544 

.47 

3.66153 

.97 

3.70633 

.48 

3.66242 

.98 

3  .  70723 

.49 

3.66332 

.99 

3.70813 

—155— 


MESA3A  NON-BESSEMER 


Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

54.00 

$3.70902 

54.50 

$3.75883 

.01 

3.71002 

.51 

3.75982 

.02 

3.71101 

52 

3.76082 

.03 

3.71201 

isa 

3.76182 

.04 

3.71301 

.54 

3.76281 

.05 

3.71400 

.55 

3.76381 

.06 

3.71500 

.56 

3  .  76480 

.07 

3.71599 

.57 

3  .  76580 

.08 

3.71699 

.58 

3.76680 

.09 

3.71799 

.59 

3  .  76779 

54.10 

3.71898 

54  .  60 

3  .  76879 

.11 

3.71998 

.61 

3.76978 

.12 

3  .  72097 

.62 

3  .  "7078 

.13 

3.72197 

.63 

3.  "7178 

.14 

3  .  72297 

.64 

3.  "7277 

.15 

3  .  72396 

.65 

3  .  "7377 

.16 

3  .  72496 

.66 

3.77477 

.17 

3  .  72596 

.67 

3  .  "7576 

.18 

3.72695 

.68 

3  .  "7676 

.19 

3  .  72795 

.69 

3.77775 

54.20 

3.72894 

54.70 

3  .  77875 

.21 

3.72994 

.71 

3.77975 

.22 

3.73094 

.74 

3.78074 

.23 

3.73193 

.73 

3.78174 

.24 

3.73293 

.74 

3.78273 

.25 

3.73392 

.75 

3  .  78373 

.26 

3.73492 

.76 

3  .  78473 

.27 

3  .  73592 

.77 

3  .  78572 

.28 

3.73691 

.78 

3.78672 

.29 

3.73791 

.79  v 

3.78771 

54.30 

3  .  73890 

54.80 

3.78871 

.31 

3  .  73990 

.81 

3.78971 

.32 

3  .  74090 

.82 

3.79070 

.33 

3.74189 

.83 

3.79170 

.34 

3  .  74289 

.84 

3  .  79270 

.35 

3.74389 

.85 

3.79369 

.36 

3  .  74488 

.86 

3.97469 

.37 

3  .  74588 

.87 

3  .  79568 

.38 

3.74687 

.88 

3  .  79668 

.39 

3.74787 

.89 

3.79768 

54.40 

3.74887 

54.90 

3.79867 

.41 

3.74986 

.91 

3  .  79967 

.42 

3  .  75086 

.92 

3  .  80066 

.43 

3.75185 

.93 

3.80166 

.44 

3.75285 

.94 

3  .  80266 

.45 

3.75385 

.95 

3  .  80365 

.46 

3  .  75484 

.96 

3  .  80465 

.47 

3  .  75584 

.97 

3  .  80564 

.48 

3  .  75683 

.98 

3  .  80664 

.49 

3.75783 

.99 

3.80764 

—156— 


MESABA  NON-BESSEMER 


Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

55.00 

$3  .  80863 

55.50 

$3.86344 

.01 

3.80973 

.51 

3  .  86453 

.02 

3.81083 

.52 

3  .  86563 

.03 

3.81192 

.53 

3.86673 

.04 

3.81302 

.54 

3.86782 

.05 

3.81411 

.55 

3.86892 

.06 

3.81521 

.56 

3.87002 

.07 

3.81631 

.57 

3.87111 

.08 

3.81740 

.58 

3.87221 

.09 

3.81850 

.59 

3.87330 

55.10 

3.81959 

55.60 

3  .  87440 

.11 

3.82069 

.61 

3  .  87550 

.12 

3.82179 

.62 

3.87659 

.13 

3.82288 

.63 

3.87769 

.14 

3  .  82398 

.64 

3.87878 

.15 

3  .  82507 

.65 

3.87988 

.16 

3.82617 

.66 

3.88098 

.17 

3.82727 

.67 

3.88207 

.18 

3.82836 

.68 

3.88317 

.19 

3  .  82946 

.69 

3.88427 

55.20 

3  .  83056 

55.70 

3  .  88536 

.21 

3.83165 

.71 

3  .  88646 

.22 

3.83275 

.72 

3.88755 

.23 

3.83384 

.73 

3  .  88865 

.24 

3.83494 

.74 

3.88975 

.25 

3.83604 

.75 

3  .  89084 

.26 

3.83713 

.76 

3.89194 

.27 

3.83823 

.77 

3.89303 

.28 

3.83932 

.78 

3.89413 

.29 

3  .  84042 

.79 

3.89523 

55.30 

3.84152 

55.80 

3.89632 

.31 

3.84261 

.81 

3  .  89742 

.32 

3.84371 

.82 

3.89851 

.33 

3  .  84480 

.83 

3  .  89961 

.34 

3.84590 

.84 

3.90071 

.35 

3.84700 

.85 

3.90180 

.36 

3.84809 

.86 

3  .  90290 

.37 

3.84919 

.87 

3  .  90400 

.38 

3  .  85029 

.88 

3.90509 

.39 

3.85138 

.89 

3.90619 

55.40 

3.85248 

55  .  90 

3.90728 

.41 

3.85357 

.91 

3  .  90838 

.42 

3  .  85467 

.92 

3  .  90948 

.43 

3.85577 

.93 

3.91057 

.44 

3.85686 

.94 

3.91167 

.45 

3.85796 

.95 

3.91276 

.46 

3  .  85905 

.96 

3.91386 

.47 

3.86015 

.97 

3.91496 

.48 

3.86125 

.98 

3.91605 

.49 

3  .  86234 

.99 

3.91715 

—157— 


MESABA  NON-BESSEMER 


Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

56.00 

$3.91824 

56.50 

$3.97805 

.01 

3.91944 

.51 

3.97925 

.02 

3.92064 

.52 

3.98044 

.03 

3.92183 

.53 

3.98164 

.04 

3.92303 

.54 

3  .  98283 

.05 

3.92423 

.55 

3.98403 

.06 

3.92542 

.56 

3.98523 

.07 

3.92662 

.57 

3.98642 

.08 

3.92781 

.58 

3.98762 

.09 

3.92901 

.59 

3.98882 

56.10 

3.93021 

56.60 

3.99001 

.11 

3.93140 

.61 

3.99121 

.12 

3.93260 

.62 

3.99240 

.13 

3.93379 

.63 

3.99360 

.14 

3.93499 

.64 

3  .  99480 

.15 

3.93619 

.65 

3.99599 

.16 

3.93738 

.66 

3.99719 

.17 

3.93858 

.67 

3.99838 

.18" 

3.93977 

.68 

3  .  99958 

.19 

3.94097 

.69 

4.00078 

56.20 

3.94217 

56.70 

4.00197 

.21 

3.94336 

.71 

4.00317 

.22 

3  .  94456 

.72 

4.00436 

.23 

3.94576 

.73 

4.00556 

.24 

3.94695 

.74 

4.00676 

.25 

3.94815 

.75 

4.00795 

.26 

3.94934 

.76 

4.00915 

.27 

3  .  95054 

.77 

4.01035 

.28 

3.95174 

.78 

4.01154 

.29 

3.95293 

.79 

4.01274 

56  .  30 

3.95413 

56.80 

4.01393 

.31 

3.95532 

.81 

4.01513 

.32 

3.95652 

.82 

4.01633 

.33 

3  .  95772 

.83 

4.01752 

.34 

3.95891 

.84 

4.01872 

.35 

3.96011 

.85 

4.01991 

.36 

3.96130 

.86 

4.02111 

.37 

3.96250 

.87 

4.02231 

.38 

3.96370 

.88 

4.02350 

.39 

3.96489 

.89 

4  .  02470 

56.40 

3.96609 

56.90 

4.02590 

.41 

3.96729 

.91 

4.02709 

.42 

3.96848 

.92 

4.02829 

.43 

3.96968 

.93 

4.02948 

.44 

3.97087 

.94 

4.03068 

.45 

3.97207 

.95 

4.03188 

.46 

3.97327 

.96 

4.03307 

.47 

3.97446 

.97 

4.03427 

.48 

3.97566 

.98 

4.03546 

.49 

3.97685 

.99 

4.03666 

-158— 


MESABA  NON-BESSEMER 


Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

57.00 

$4.03786 

57.50 

$4.10266 

.01 

4.03915 

.51 

4.10396 

.02 

4.04045 

.52 

4.10525 

.03 

4.04174 

.53 

4.10655 

.04 

4.04304 

.54 

4.10785 

.05 

4.04434 

.55 

4.10914 

.06 

4.04563 

.56 

4.11044 

.07 

4.04693 

.57 

4.11173 

.08 

4.04823 

.58 

4.11303 

.09 

4.04952 

.59 

4.11433 

57.10 

4  .  05082 

57.60 

4.11562 

.11 

4.05211 

.61 

4.11692 

.12 

4.05341 

.62 

4.11822 

.13 

4.05471 

.63 

4.11951 

.14 

4.05600 

.64 

4.12081 

.15 

4.05730 

.65 

4.12210 

.16 

4.05859 

.66 

4.12340 

.17 

4.05989 

.67 

4.12470 

.18 

4.06119 

.68 

4.12599 

.19 

4.06248 

.69 

4.12729 

57.20 

4.06378 

57.70 

4.12858 

.21 

•4.06507 

.71 

4.12988 

.22 

4.06637 

.72 

4.13118 

.23 

4.06767 

.73 

4.13247 

.24 

4.06896 

.74 

4.13377 

.25 

4.07026 

.75 

4.13506 

.26 

4.07156 

.76 

4.13636 

.27 

4.07285 

.77 

4.13766 

.28 

4.07415 

.78 

4.13895 

.29 

4.07544 

.79 

4.14025 

57.30 

4.07674 

57.80 

4.14155 

.31 

4.07804 

.81 

4.14284 

.32 

4.07933 

.82 

4.14414 

.33 

4.08063 

.83 

4.14543 

.34 

4.08192 

.84 

4.14673 

.35 

4.08322 

.85 

4.14803 

.36 

4.08452 

.86 

4.14932 

.37 

4.08581 

.87 

4.15062 

.38 

4.08711 

.88 

4.15191 

.39 

4.08840 

.89 

4.15321 

57.40 

4.08970 

57.90 

4.15451 

.41 

4.09100 

.91 

4.15580 

.42 

4.09229 

.92 

4.15710 

.43 

4.09359 

.93 

4.15839 

.44 

4  .  09489 

.94 

4.15969 

.45 

4.09618 

.95 

4.16099 

.46 

4.09748 

.96 

4.16228 

.47 

4.09877 

.97 

4.16358 

.48 

4.10007 

.98 

4.16488 

.49 

4.10137 

.99 

4.16617 

— 159 — 


MESABA  NON-BESSEMER 


Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

^58.00 

$4.16747 

58.50 

$4.20727 

.01 

4.16826 

.51 

4  .  20807 

.02 

4.16906 

.52 

4  .  20887 

.03 

4.16986 

.53 

4.20966 

.04 

4.17065 

.54 

4.21046 

.05 

4.17145 

.55 

4.21125 

.06 

4.17224 

.56 

4.21205 

.07 

4.17304 

.57 

4.21285 

.08 

4.17384 

.58 

4.21364 

.09 

4.17463 

.59 

4.21444 

58.10 

4.17543 

58.60 

4.21523 

.11 

4.17623 

.61 

4.21603 

.12 

4.17702 

.62 

4.21683 

.13 

4.17782 

.63 

4.21762 

.14 

4.17861 

.64 

4.21842 

.15 

4.17941 

.65 

4.21922 

.16 

4.18021 

.66 

4.22001 

.17 

4.18100 

.67 

4.22081 

.18 

4.18180 

.68 

4.22160 

.19 

4.18259 

.69 

4.22240 

58.20 

4.18339 

58.70 

4.22320 

.21 

4.18419 

.71 

4  .  22399 

.22 

4.18498 

.72 

4.22479 

.23 

4.18578 

.73 

4.2255S 

.24 

4.18657 

.74 

4.22638 

.25 

4.18737 

.75 

4.22718 

.26 

4.18817 

.76 

4.22797 

.27 

4.18896 

.77 

4.22877 

.28 

4.18976 

.78 

4.22956 

.29 

4.19056 

.79 

4.23036 

58.30 

4.19135 

58.80 

4.23116 

.31 

4.19215 

.81 

4.23195 

.32 

4.19294 

.82 

4.23275 

.33 

4.19374 

.83 

4.23355 

.34 

4.19454 

.84 

4  .  23434 

.35 

4.19533 

.85 

4.23514 

.36 

4.19613 

.86 

4.23593 

.37 

4.19692 

.87 

4.23673 

.38 

4.19772 

.88 

4.23753 

.39 

4.19852 

.89 

4.23832 

58.40 

4.19931 

58.90 

4.23912 

.41 

4.20011 

.91 

4.23991 

.42 

4  .  20090 

.92 

4.24071 

.43 

4.20170 

.93 

4.24151 

.44 

4  .  20250 

.94 

4  .  24230 

.45 

4.20329 

.95 

4.24310 

.46 

4  .  20409 

.96 

4.24389 

.47 

4.20489 

.97 

4  .  24469 

.48 

4.20568 

.98 

4  .  24549 

.49 

4  .  20648 

.99 

4.24628 

—160— 


MESABA  NON-BESSEMER 


Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

59.00 

$4.24708 

59.50 

$4.28689 

.01 

4.24788 

.51 

4.28768 

.02 

4.24867 

.52 

4  .  28848 

.03 

4  .  24947 

.53 

4.28927 

.04 

4.25026 

.54 

4  .  29007 

.05 

4.25106 

.55 

4  .  29087 

.06 

4.25186 

.56 

4.29166 

.07 

4.25265 

.57 

4.29246 

.08 

4.25345 

.58 

4.29325 

.09 

4.25424 

.59 

4.29405 

59.10 

4.25504 

59.60 

4.29485 

.11 

4.25584 

.61 

4.29564 

.12 

4.25663 

.62 

4.29644 

.13 

4.25743 

.63 

4.29723 

.14 

4.25823 

.64 

4.29803 

.15 

4  .  25902 

.65 

4.29883 

.16 

4.25982 

.66 

4.29962 

.17 

4.26061 

.67 

4.30042 

.18 

4.26141 

.68 

4.30122 

.19 

4.26221 

.69 

4.30201 

59.20 

4.26300 

59.70 

4.30281 

.21 

4.26380 

.71 

4.30360 

.22 

4.26459 

.72 

4.30440 

.23 

4.26539 

.73 

4  .  30520 

.24 

4.26619 

.74 

4  .  30599 

.25 

4.26698 

.75 

4.30679 

.26 

4.26778 

.76 

4.30758 

.27 

4.26857 

.77 

4.30838 

.28 

4.26937 

.78 

4.30918 

.29 

4.27017 

.79 

4.30997 

59.30 

4.27096 

59.80 

4.31077 

.31 

4.27176 

.81 

4.31156 

.32 

4.27256 

.82 

4.31236 

.33 

4.27335 

.83 

4.31316 

.34 

4.27415 

.84 

4.31395 

.35 

4.27494 

.85 

4.31475 

.36 

4.27574 

.86 

4.31555 

.37 

4.27654 

.87 

4.31634 

.38 

4.27733 

.88 

4.31714 

.39 

4.27813 

.89 

4.31793 

59.40 

4  .  27892 

59.90 

4.31873 

.41 

4.27972 

.91 

4.31953 

.42 

4.28052 

.92 

4.32032 

.43 

4.28131 

.93 

4.32112 

.44 

4.28211 

.94 

4.32191 

.45 

4.28290 

.95 

4.32271 

.46 

4.28370 

.96 

4.32351 

.47 

4  .  28450 

.97 

4  .  32430 

.48 

4.28529 

.98 

4.32510 

.49 

4.28609 

.99 

4  .  32589 

—161— 


MESABA  NON-BESSEMER 


Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

Per  Cent 
Natural  Iron 

Lake  Erie  Price 

60.00 

$4.32669 

60.50 

$4.36650 

.01 

4.32749 

.51 

4.36729 

.02 

4.32828 

.52 

4.36809 

.03 

4.32908 

.53 

4.36889 

.04 

4.32988 

.54 

4.36968 

.05 

4.33067 

.55 

4.37048 

.06 

4.33147 

.56 

4.37127 

.07 

4.33226 

.57 

4.37207 

.08 

4.33306 

.58 

4.37287 

.09 

4.33386 

.59 

4.37366 

60.10 

4.33465 

60.60 

4.37446 

.11 

4.33545 

.61 

4.37525 

.12 

4.33624 

.62 

4.37605 

.13 

4.33704 

.63 

4.37685 

.14 

4.33784 

.64 

4.37764 

.15 

4.33863 

.65 

4.37844 

.16 

4.33943 

.66 

4.37923 

.17 

4.34022 

.67 

4.38003 

.18 

4.34102 

.68 

4.38083 

.19 

4.34182 

.69 

4.38162 

60.20 

4.34261 

60.70 

4.38242 

.21 

4.34341 

.71 

4.38322 

.22 

4.34421 

.72 

4.38401 

.23 

4.34500 

.73 

4.38481 

.24 

4.34580 

.74 

4  .  38560 

.25 

4.34659 

.75 

4  .  38640 

.26 

4.34739 

.76 

4  .  38720 

.27 

4.34819 

.77 

4  .  38799 

.28 

4.34898 

.78 

4.38879 

.29 

4.34978 

.79 

4.38958 

60.30 

4.35057 

60.80 

4  .  39038 

.31 

4.35137 

.81 

4.39118 

.32 

4.35217 

.82 

4.39197 

.33 

4.35296 

.83 

4.39277 

.34 

4.35376 

.84 

4.39356 

.35 

4.35456 

.85 

4.39436 

.36 

4.35535 

.86 

4.39516 

.37 

4.35615 

.87 

4  .  39595 

.38 

4.35694 

.88 

4.39675 

.39 

4.35774 

.89 

4.39755 

60.40 

4.35854 

60.90 

4.39834 

.41 

4.35933 

.91 

4.39914 

.42 

4.36013 

.92 

4.39993 

.43 

4.36092 

.93 

4.40073 

.44 

4.36172 

.94 

4.40153 

.45 

4.36252 

.95 

4.40232 

.46 

4.36331 

.96 

4.40312 

.47 

4.36411 

.97 

4.40391 

.48 

4.36490 

.98 

4.40471 

.49 

4.36570 

.99 

4.40551 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CAMFOHNI* 


FOR^A  NO.  DD6 


YC   19163 

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